Of Mice and Men Characters Review Essay Example for Free

Of Mice and Men Characters Review Essay John Stienbeck was conceived in California in 1902. He went to University yet couldn't stand to remain. After he left University he required cash to live so he done numerous occupations, for example, Waiter, Broke ponies for the Army and he was additionally a Ranch Hand. At long last he needed to be an author with the goal that he could feature the states of the poor in America. During the 1930s America was experiencing misery. The difference in atmosphere in America implied that a ton of cultivating land was obliterated so ranch proprietors utilized vagrant laborers, which were paid exceptionally low wages and kept in poor conditions. Individuals were possibly utilized when there was chip away at the homestead. The vast majority of the laborers were single individuals without any homes or families. Depression has a major impact in this story. Stienbeck utilizes two fundamental words in this story, Soledad and Solitaire. He utilizes these words since the two of them share something for all intents and purpose with depression. Solitaire is a one-player game that all the farm hands played. Soledad is the name of the primary town in the story, the name implies Lonely in Spanish. All through the story George consistently utilizes the statement folks like us are the loneliest folks on the planet. Candy Candy is one of the forlorn individuals in this story. He is old and handicapped since he has just got one hand, this was because of a mishap with a machine on the homestead. Candys work is a swamper. A swamper is fundamentally a cleaner, he cleans up the farm. He carries out this responsibility in light of the fact that nobody else was set up to do it, and on the grounds that he is old and he needs cash and some place to live. Candy will carry out this responsibility until he can't work not any more because of his age, which will be very soon. Candy had a pooch. The canine was old, malodorous and on its way to the grave. The canine had no teeth so it couldn't eat and was a lot of like Candy. The pooch was shot and Candy feels this will transpire when he can't work any longer. George has a voyaging buddy called Lennie, George and Lennies dream is to claim a farm. George informs Candy regarding his fantasy about claiming the farm. This progressions Candys life since Candy accepts that they will possess their very own farm and have the option to do what they need. He presently had trust later on and that he would live with his companions and have security and would pass on an upbeat man. Candy works for Curley who has a spouse. Curleys spouse is slaughtered by Lennie. At the point when Candy discovers Curleys spouse laying on the floor, he gets extremely irate and begin swearing at her idiom that she had destroyed his life always on the grounds that Lennie will presently be executed by Curley and this will imply that they won't have the option to claim their own farm. At the point when all the farm laborers leave Candy feels frustrated about Curleys spouse since she was desolate and was always unable to go out anyplace and required somebody to talk. Candy says poor charlatan since he feels frustrated about her. Candys future currently has been demolished on the grounds that he is too old to even think about working at the farm and he will before long be sacked and will likely bite the dust a vagrant. Candy was placed in the story to change it up among the characters. Criminals Criminals is another desolate individual in the story. He is a hued man living in a bigot society and he is likewise debilitated. His activity is a Stable Buck, this is somebody who cares for the ponies and wipes out the pens. Convicts is dealt with gravely by the other farm hands since he is hued and the farm hands are white. He isn't permitted to go into the bunk house and he isn't permitted to participate in exercises they do. They likewise make him rest in the stable with the ponies. Evildoers has an extremely terrible life in the story since he just remains in the stable and doesn't get the opportunity to associate with the other farm hands. His room is only a little territory in the pens with all his ownership over the floor in his room not at all like the farm hands who have little boxes over their beds for their assets. Convicts has numerous belongings, for example, magazines, a hairbrush, a wool, cleanser and other little close to home things. This shows he is a spotless man and he showed himself how to peruse and compose. When Lennie goes into Crooks room he acts brutally from the start. Criminals says, you got no option to come in my room. This heres my room. No one got any privilege in here however me, later in the discussion Crooks begins confounding Lennie by making statements like spose George dont return no more. Spose he took a powder and just aint returning. Whatll you do at that point. This begins to agitate Lennie. Hoodlums enlightens Lennie concerning his adolescence. His youth was recognized as him playing with white youngsters when there was no bigotry in America, yet his father detested him playing with white kids in light of the fact that at long last the white kids would grow up loathing individuals of color. Criminals just has one dream throughout everyday life and this is to live in a non-bigot society, similar to when he was a kid playing with the white kids. When Lennie informs Crooks regarding his fantasy about the farm, Crooks says your nuts. I see many men stop by out and about and on the farm with their bindles on their backs and that equivalent damn thing in their minds. No one never gets to paradise and no one never gets no land, its equitable in their mind. When Curleys spouse went into Crooks room he responded in an extremely irate manner since he didn't care for her. She generally offended them and Crooks had enough of this, he says, I had enough. You got no correct arriving in a hued keeps an eye on room. Significantly subsequent to stating this Curleys spouse compromised him, at that point Crooks simply stepped back and went quiet. Presently he has no future since he will simply be living in a supremacist society, terrified and desolate. I think Crooks was placed in this novel to include a brief look at prejudice in the public arena. Curleys Wife Curleys spouse is one of the loneliest individuals in this story. She wears long dresses, has long light hair, would consistently have her fingernails painted and would consistently eye up the farm hands. This gives us that she is a skank. She doesn't have a name in this story since she doesn't have any freedom and she is claimed by Curley. Curleys spouse is forlorn on the grounds that she has nobody to converse with in light of the fact that Curley is in every case excessively occupied, he lacks the capacity to deal with her, consistently he goes to the whorehouse, she doesn't adore him and he doesn't cherish her. Curley treats her gravely; he has no regard for her. Her life on the farm is exceptionally terrible in light of the fact that she just remains at the farm with nobody to converse with. More often than not she circumvents the farm searching for Curley however she isn't generally searching for him she simply needs to visit to individuals. She had no regard from anybody, much the same as all ladies during the 1930s. The main explanation she wedded Curley was to escape from her mum since her mum didn't let her do whatever her might want to do. Curleys wifes dream was to escape from the farm and be in the photos or theater. She once got the opportunity to do this however her mum halted her going. At long last depression executes Curleys spouse in light of the fact that as she had nobody to converse with so she chose to converse with Lennie and this is the thing that caused her demise. I think Curleys spouse was placed in this novel to include a lady in the story as she was the just one in the story. The American Dream The American Dream implied a superior life for George, Lennie and Candy since they would live on their own farm and not have anything to stress over. The fantasy would likewise mean friendship for Candy since he would not be desolate any longer since he would have George and Lennie to be with. At long last no ones blessings from heaven since dejection ruins their lives. Dejection murders Curleys spouse, it gives Candy no future or security and for Crooks it gives him no expectation since he will consistently be living in a supremacist society.

Up from Slavery, Down to the Ground Sailing Amistad. A Movie Review

Moral Project - Research Paper Example The Rose Revolution is a dissent call to the renunciation of the previous Georgian President Eduard Shevardnadze in November 23, 2003. It occurred after the exceptionally contestable parliamentary decisions. The Rose Revolution finished the over multi year rule of Eduard Shevardnadze â€Å"as its Soviet-time Communist Party chief and its longest-serving post-autonomy president†. The dissent can be represented in the accompanying record of BBC News â€Å"student demonstrators chose to give red roses to the officers. Numerous troopers set out their firearms. Individuals were kissing the police and military, it was extremely dynamite, said Giorgi Kandelaki, a 21-year-old understudy. What's more, the roses obviously which individuals had with them, which Misha conveyed with him into the parliament lobby, that was the second when individuals said that it was a rose revolution.† (BBC News, May 10, 2005). The Civil noncompliance on Arizona Immigration Law was hastened by the â€Å" The Support Our Law Enforcement and Safe Neighborhoods Actâ (introduced as Arizona Senate Bill 1070â and subsequently frequently alluded to just as Arizona SB 1070). As indicated by the law, all outsiders over the age the 14 who are in the United States for over 30 days should enroll with the US governments and convey their reports consistently and making it a wrongdoing for an outsider not to convey such records. The law likewise permits law masters to check such papers upon the doubt that an individual is a displaced person. The Arizona Immigration Law has been touted as bigot. The law started a common defiance fight coming full circle in March 21, 2010 where â€Å"about 100 members framed a chain of connected arms to stop traffic around the Federal Building†.  16 unmistakable New Yorkers were captured whose appall over the law was discharged in a press explanation as consequently â€Å"Our demonstration of common rebellion is performed

Whats a Golden Parachute (And How Its Used in MA)

Whats a Golden Parachute (And How Its Used in MA) Do you have a golden parachute?There can only be three answers to this question. “Yes,” “No” or “I don’t know.”The first two answers are clear enough. But if your answer is “I don’t know,” then you most likely don’t have one.Just like a normal parachute, a golden parachute is meant to provide you with safety.However, it’s not a normal parachute which happens to be made of gold. Or gold plated. Or gold colored.A golden parachute is simply an agreement. More precisely, it is a clause in an employment contract or agreement.Unlike the other clauses, more commonly referred to as the terms of employment, a golden parachute has a unique purpose.Also, it’s only in the contracts of certain employees and not all.In any case, isn’t the nature of gold such that you can’t find it everywhere?Golden parachutes are the preserve of top executives in big companies, especially CEOs. In some cases, the companies may not necessarily be big, but may be operating in highly-com petitive environments or industries.The clause lists the benefits which a top executive should receive from an employer in the event of termination of employment.Though there can be different reasons for termination, a major reason envisioned when drafting these clauses is a merger or acquisition.Some BackgroundThis is the case because during mergers and acquisitions, the control of the company usually changes.When a new company takes over your company, rarely will the top management be left intact.The person or company taking over your company will have a preferred way of doing things.A different way of running the company will mean a new set of managers, especially at the top. Different decisions have to be made going forward.Whereas this is good for the individuals being entrusted with the running of the company, it is bad news for the leaving executives. To them, they have lost a job. Losing a job is not easy.Lacking a sustainable source of income affects your life. Unless you h ad planned for it accordingly.One characteristic of the top position in a company is risk taking. Top managers are employed to make the hard decisions and take (calculated) risks.Being human, they could make decisions which end up being big mistakes. These could lead to huge losses, or even a shutdown.Such results often lead to job loss.This makes top executives afraid of making some decisions because they are afraid of the repercussions in case things don’t go well.But their indecision is also a potential loss of great opportunities.Top managers are people who flourish as risk takers.But if they are faced with difficult choices between taking a risk and losing their jobs, it is obvious which one they will go for.To enable the manager feel comfortable and free to make the decisions he needs to make, a generous perk is provided to cushion him in case he gets terminated.Golden Parachute vs. Golden HandshakeAnother common term, perhaps more common than the golden parachute, is the go lden handshake.Although both the parachute and the handshake are golden, there is a difference.Whereas a golden parachute includes a generous severance package, cash bonuses and stock options, the handshake goes further.A golden handshake adds the retirement benefits to this termination package. The retirement benefits are those to be given if you are to retire when working in the same company.Generally, retirement packages are very generous.At the same time, golden parachutes come with many benefits. When these two are put together, the result is the golden handshake.As a result, the golden handshake provides more benefits than the parachute alone.Golden Parachute vs. Golden HandcuffA golden handcuff works differently from the parachute.While the golden parachute is intended to provide a soft landing for you when terminated, the golden handcuff is meant to stop you from leaving the company.This is done by putting together great benefits and some costs. The benefits are for staying and the costs are for leaving within a certain period. This is especially the case when you could leave and join a competitor.For example, if you leave, you would be required to return some company assets initially given to you. It can also take the form of a greatly-reduced severance pay.ADVANTAGES OF GOLDEN PARACHUTEGolden parachutes have been hailed for their benefits.The benefits here are not from the perspective of the recipients, but the company and the staff remaining behind after the CEO leaves.As such, some people have rooted for them.Moreover, for the companies in acquisition-prone environments, this is seen as a good solution.Some of the advantages are:Ease in hiring and retaining top talent.It is easier to hire employees in the low and middle levels as opposed to higher levels.This may not make much sense if you consider that there are more candidates at lower levels compared to higher levels.Still, hiring a C-suite employee is more daunting than lower-level employees. T he reason is quite simple. These individuals look for job security more than anyone else.They want to be sure that they have the authority to make decisions without being afraid of losing their jobs.Since these are the people who are relied on to drive the company forward, you have to create a conducive environment for them. You have to provide attractive perks and these are never cheap.Since mergers and acquisitions often lead to a change of guard at the top, CEOs often get replaced.As job candidates, these CEOs always consider the company approaching them for a position. Or if applying, they will consider the termination package before making the application.The company providing great benefits will attract the greatest minds. And those benefits prevent the CEOs from leaving for a similar position in a competing company. Keeps top executives objective during merger and acquisition talks.Talks about mergers and acquisition are not easy. Emotions flare up and resentment builds up. F riends can easily become enemies because people on both sides of the table have interests to protect.But mergers don’t happen for the interests of the top managers. They often happen for the interest of the business.The business may be dying and can only be resuscitated through an acquisition. Such a move could also be the initiative of shareholders.Remember that the CEO needs job security like everyone else? And he doesn’t want to lose the big salary?Many times, CEOs and other top managers try to thwart acquisition or merger plans. They can do this by making it difficult to reach an agreement.Where a CEO is assured of a hefty send-off package, he is more likely to act in the best interests of the company. This is because his interests are already taken care of.Discourage hostile take-overs.Golden parachutes are a big expense to the company.And when a company is being bought, the acquiring company is responsible for paying out the golden parachute. As such, this can present a ch allenge to the acquirer.Considering that business are started with the intention of withstanding competition and being successful, it becomes wise to safeguard it against hostile moves.Because these payoffs run into millions of dollars, they are at times put in place to discourage acquisitions.To prevent a business take-over from a hostile competitor, many companies will include a golden parachute in the top manager’s contract.Since this is an expense to be borne by the acquiring company, they will have to consider this as the cost of replacing the management.Top managers also take a lot of responsibility in the running of the company.This leads them to eventually developing a personal sense of ownership of the company.If it grows, they are proud of it. If it fails, they feel the shame and embarrassment.In such an environment, the management will not necessarily want an acquisition to happen.When there is a golden parachute in place, buying out the company adds to the total cost a nd the move may prove too expensive.Prevent employee retaliation after termination.Another big reason for these hefty packages is   to prevent retaliation by former high-ranking employees.Retaliation can be dangerous for the company considering that the employee has the knowledge of how you run your operations.When you fire a CEO, your business might get into serious trouble if he decides to retaliate. There are two major ways he may act against you depending on the circumstances of his departure.1. Suing â€" this is a common route taken by disgruntled former employees. Their complaints may be valid or otherwise. But the process itself has many effects.He may sue you for unlawful termination, unfair treatment or any other reason he decides to use. And since you are the perpetrator of the alleged crime, the suit may ask that you pay for the costs involved in the case.When you are taken to court by a former manager, you can expect that this will cause a stir. It will be the topic of d iscussion among your employees.Also, especially if you are a big company, you are bound to attract lots of negative media attention.Of all the things that could happen, losing such a case is the worst. This will not only confirm all the allegations from the former staff, but will also force you to pay huge amounts of money.In an effort to prevent a situation like this, companies use golden parachutes. They make the deal so good that an employee will not have a problem being fired. Though he may not like it, he will actually see no loss as the benefits given are good.2. Disclosure â€" another problematic scenario is when the terminated staff decides to let your competitor in on your trade secrets. This can cause adverse effects on your business.With the knowledge the former staff has, he can help your competitors bring you down quite easily. This is why employees are directed to sign an NDA (Non Disclosure Agreement).Although it is in good faith, the agreement can be broken. And when someone does that, especially when he is no longer your employee, it can be tragic for your business.Your competitor may know the terms you have with suppliers which allow you more cash flow. They may also get to know how much you pay your best employees.From this information, they may poach your best talent and lure them with a better pay or benefits.So much loss can be experienced as a result of disclosure. This is one reason for the inclusion of a golden parachute in the contract of the CEO.DISADVANTAGES OF GOLDEN PARACHUTEGood as they may be, golden parachutes are surrounded by controversies.These controversies mainly revolve around the huge amounts of cash payments and other benefits provided for the terminated employees.Perhaps worse than that, is the fact that these agreements are rarely known by the shareholders.Essentially being the owners of the companies, shareholders are often the ones speaking out loudest against these packages. Here are some disadvantages.CEOs are alr eady highly-paid.This is a fact in all companies. Although different companies pay their top managers differently, these employees are definitely the most highly-paid.Consider the 25 most highly-paid CEOs as at March 2019. Click on the image for the full report. Source: squarespace.comAs such, a generous payoff after termination is seen as unnecessary.For the purposes of securing a comfortable life after termination, it is argued that their high pay can accommodate enough savings and investments.This becomes more of an issue when the pay of other staff is compared to that of the managers.There is always a big difference between the salaries of all staff. And so when the highest-paid is given a big send-off package, it simply doesn’t go well with low income earners.Executives should naturally act in the company’s best interest.This is the argument against the idea that a golden parachute enables the CEO to be objective during acquisition talks.Opponents of golden parachutes claim that the CEO was running the company with its best interests at heart.If the company is being bought by another, then he should not shift his loyalty from the company to himself.Although this is a noble view of the CEO, its truthfulness is largely determined by e thics and integrity. Of course, these are traits which all CEOs should have.But when one’s own interests are threatened, you can never be sure how they will respond.At the same time, this argument shows the potential human frailty in everyone. It may thus seem that without external motivation, prioritizing other people’s interests is not easy.Golden parachutes may not necessarily prevent a take-over.As expensive as golden parachutes are, they are usually only a small fraction of the total cost of an acquisition.The costs involved in acquisitions are far above the expense of the golden parachute in question.This fact weakens the argument that these packages will prevent a hostile take-over. Instead, they are viewed as having very little impact in trying to prevent it.Here’s a video of how a hostile take-over happens. In many cases, golden parachutes constitute of three or more years’ annual pay of the executive plus other benefits.These benefits generally include stock option s and a generous severance pay. The acquisition cost on the other hand may include the value of all company assets.Comparing these costs, you will find that the individual or company buying an existing business has enough money or motivation to pay the package.So, though it was meant to deter a take-over, it ends up being unable to serve its purpose.May possibly reduce the company’s profitability.As an expense being paid out, golden parachutes affect the financial status of the company. Where cash bonuses are involved, lots of cash will be paid out.Where large amounts of stocks are given, more money will be paid out when paying dividends.Above all, the severance pay may be what digs deepest into the company’s cash reserves. Low amounts of cash affect a company’s ability to run its operations comfortably.It may impact important operations, prevent it from taking advantage of opportunities and indirectly impact on profitability.May lead to the CEO’s poor performance.Golden par achutes may have a very negative effect on the performance of the CEO entitled to it.Since there are huge amounts of cash and generous benefits involved, the executive may develop the wrong attitude towards work.He may not see the need to work hard or put his best foot forward. He may become reluctant to make tough choices and give a lackluster performance since he has nothing to lose.The real factors affecting the performance of the top managers may not be clearly known to the shareholders and other employees.That however does not stop them from discussing how he is under-performing. All that many people care to look at is the overall growth trend of the company.If the company is growing, employees and shareholders want to feel it. This is by getting higher dividends, share prices going up and staff salaries being increased.If these things are not happening, then as far as others are concerned, there should be a change at the top.May cause animosity and resentment among staff.By al l means, some send-off packages have been outrageously big. The cash and bonuses have been high, not to mention the other benefits included in the deals. Often, the revelation of these packages leads to an outcry by employees.When it becomes known that this the treatment given to top managers while other employees complain of low earnings, resentment can easily build among employees.This will be seen as a sign of favoritism and unfair treatment.If not handled properly, animosity may be the outcome.This creates a negative work environment and business growth may become more of a dream than a reality.CONCLUSIONGolden parachutes have arguments both for and against them.If you are in a position to determine whether to implement one for your CEO, keep in mind the pros and cons.This will help you balance everything accordingly and hopefully keep everyone happy.

The, Good Times, And Modern Day Sitcom - 1221 Words

The Blues to Education Insolvent, Ravenous, Fretting! Economical disadvantages leads to the three ideas stated, in layman’s terms, broke, hungry, and worrying. Unfortunately, many African American individuals inhabit areas that display very tarnished living conditions, which includes violent criminals, illegal activities, and very low performing schools, better known as â€Å"ghettos†. Consequently, due to the disadvantages and low prosperity in these communities, many young adolescents or student’s education suffers a great deal. Education is one of the most powerful apparatuses to sever the hardships of poverty. The popular 70’s sitcom â€Å"Good Times† and modern day sitcom â€Å"Everybody Hates Chris†, are two perfect examples of two struggling African American families that values education because of their race, family structure, and family roles, which displays reflection of society. 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Existentialism - Essay Topics

If you are studying existentialism and have an exam coming up, the best way to prepare for it is to write lots of practice essays.  Doing this helps you to recall the texts and the ideas you have studied; it helps you to organize your knowledge of these; it often triggers original or critical insights of your own.   Here is a set of essay questions you can use.  They relate to the following classic existentialist texts: Tolstoy, My ConfessionTolstoy, The Death of Ivan IlyichDostoyevsky, Notes from UndergroundDostoyevsky, The Grand InquisitorNietzsche, The Gay ScienceBeckett, Waiting for GodotSartre, The WallSartre, NauseaSartre, Existentialism Is a HumanismSartre, Portrait of an Anti-SemiteKafka, A Message From the Emperor, A Little Fable, Couriers, Before the LawCamus, The Myth of SisyphusCamus, The Stranger Tolstoy and Dostoyevsky Both Tolstoys Confession and Dostoyevskys Notes from Underground seem to reject science and rationalistic philosophy.  Why?  Explain and evaluate the reasons for the critical attitudes toward science in these two texts.Both Tolstoy’s Ivan Ilyich (at least once he falls sick) and Dostoyevsky’s  Underground Man feel estranged from the people around them.  Why?  In what ways is the kind of isolation they experience similar, and in what ways is it different?The underground man says that ‘to be too conscious is an illness.’  What does he mean?  What are his reasons?  In what ways does the underground man suffer from excessive consciousness?  Do you see this as the root cause of his sufferings or are there deeper problems that give rise to it?  Does Ivan Ilyich also suffer from excessive consciousness, or is his problem something different?Both The Death of Ivan Ilyich and Notes From Underground portray individuals who feel separated from thei r society.  Is the isolation they experience avoidable, or is it primarily caused by the sort of society they belong to.In the Authors Note at the beginning of Notes from Underground, the author describes the underground man as representative of a new type of person that must inevitably appear in modern society.  What aspects of the character are representative of this new type of modern individual?  Does he remain representative today in 21st century America, or has his type more or less disappeared?Contrast what Dostoyevsky’s Grand Inquisitor says about freedom with what the Underground Man says about it.  Whose views do you most agree with? Nietzsche, The Gay Science Tolstoy (in Confession), Dostoyevsky’s Underground Man, and Nietzsche in The Gay Science, are all critical of those who think the main goal in life should be the pursuit of pleasure and the avoidance of pain.  Why?  When Nietzsche read Notes from Underground he immediately hailed Dostoyevsky as a ’kindred spirit’.  Why?In The Gay Science, Nietzsche says: â€Å"Life—that is: being cruel and inexorable against everything about us that is growing old and weak†¦.being without reverence for those who are dying, who are wretched, who are ancient.  Explain, giving illustrative examples, what you think he means and why he says this.  Do you agree with him?At the beginning of Book IV of The Gay Science, Nietzsche says all in all and on the whole: some day I wish only to be a Yes-sayer.  Explain what he means—and what he is opposing himself to--by reference to issues he discusses elsewhere in the work.  How successful is he in maintaining this life-affirming stance?Morality is herd instinct in the individual.  What does Nietzsche mean by this?  How does this statement fit in with the way he views conventional morality and his own  alternative values?Explain in detail Nietzsche’s view of Christianity.  What aspects of Western civilization, both positive and negative, does he see as largely due to its influence?In The Gay Science Nietzsche says: â€Å"The strongest and most evil spirits have so far done the most to advance humanity.†Ã‚  Explain, giving examples, what you think he means and why he says this.  Do you agree with him?In The Gay Science Nietzsche seems to both criticize moralists who distrust the passions and instincts and also himself be a great advocate of self-control.  Can these two aspects of his thinking be reconciled?  If so, how?What is Nietzsche’s attitude in The Gay Science towards the quest for truth and knowledge? Is it something heroic and admirable, or should it be viewed with suspicion as a hangover from traditional morality and religion? Sartre Sartre famously observed that man is condemned to be free.  He also wrote that man is a futile passion.  Explain what these statements mean and the reasoning that lies behind them.  Would you describe the conception of humanity that emerges as optimistic or pessimistic?Sartre’s existentialism was labeled by one critic â€Å"the philosophy of the graveyard,† and existentialism strikes many as dominated by depressing ideas and outlooks.  Why would someone think this?  And why might others disagree?  In Sartre’s thinking which tendencies do you see as depressing and which uplifting or inspiring?In his Portrait of the Anti-Semite, Sartre says the Anti-Semite feels the nostalgia of impermeability.  What does this mean?  How does it help us understand anti-Semitism?  Where else in Sartres writings is this tendency examined?The climax of Sartres novel Nausea is Roquentins revelation in the park when he contemplates.  What is the nature of this revela tion?  Should it be described as a form of enlightenment?Explain and discuss either Anny’s ideas about ‘perfect moments’ or Roquentin’s ideas about ‘adventures (or both).  How do these notions relate to the major themes explored in Nausea?It has been said that Nausea presents the world as it appears to one who experiences at a deep level what Nietzsche described as the death of God.  What supports this interpretation?  Do you agree with it?Explain what Sartre means when he says that we make our decisions and perform our actions in anguish, abandonment, and despair.  Do you find his reasons for viewing human action in this way convincing?  [In answering this question, make sure you consider Sartrean texts beyond just his lecture Existentialism and Humanism.]At one point in Nausea, Roquentin says, â€Å"Beware of literature!†Ã‚  What does he mean? Why does he say this?   Kafka, Camus, Beckett Kafkas stories and parables have often praised for capturing certain aspects of the human condition in the modern age.  With reference to the parables we discussed in class, explain which features of modernity Kafka illuminates and what insights, if any, he has to offer.At the end of The Myth of Sisyphus Camus says that ‘one must imagine Sisyphus happy’?  Why does he say this?  Wherein lies Sisyphus’ happiness?  Does Camus’ conclusion follow logically from the rest of the essay?  How plausible do you find this conclusion?Is Meursault. the protagonist of The Stranger,  an example of what Camus calls in The Myth of Sisyphus an ‘absurd hero’?  Justify your answer with close reference to both the novel and the essay.Beckett’s play Waiting for Godot, is—obviously—about waiting.  But Vladimir and Estragon wait in different ways and with different attitudes.  How do their ways of waiting express different possibl e responses to their situation and, by implication, to what Beckett sees as the human condition? Existentialism in General From Tolstoys account of his suicidal despair in his Confession to Becketts  Waiting for Godot, there is much in existentialist writing that seems to offer a bleak view of the human condition.  On the basis of the texts you have studied, would you say that existentialism is indeed, a bleak philosophy, excessively concerned with mortality and meaninglessness?  Or does it have a positive aspect also?According to William Barrett, existentialism belongs to a longstanding tradition of intense, passionate reflection on life and the human condition, yet it is also in some ways an essentially modern phenomenon.  What is it about the modern world that has given rise to existentialism?  And what aspects of existentialism are particularly modern?

Music is not just a sound Free Essays

Music is not just a sound that we hear but it is also a language used by many people. In early times, music is divided into historical periods. Nowadays, music is considered as an effective way of communication. We will write a custom essay sample on Music is not just a sound or any similar topic only for you Order Now We can say that music serves as an instrument of expression for artist and also for people who loves music. In that sense, people relate their selves into music as an outlet for them to release their feelings or more so for them to acknowledge whatever feeling they have inside. â€Å"Music as a popular communication and entertainment art is a critical aspect of a culture (Jenkins. 2001).† Music has become one of the most popular topics to talk about not just in any TV show, radio show or even in the internet but also in any conversation among people. To this day, music is considered as an effective way of communication because it caters to different genre. Through this genre caters to different generation of the society. In its context, music is emotional because it expresses the very feeing of the artist. Some music today is too loud but when we carefully listen and understand the very meaning of its lyrics, we will realize that it has a sense and a feeling too that one can relate. It is also an effective communication because it relates the very meaning of it to the people who listen to it. Through the lyrics, people connect themselves to the music and that’s how communication begins. Nowadays, music is used for therapeutic and healing purposes. It creates a language that helps people to understand through its melody and rhythm. From time to time, we have witnessed how music changes for different generation to generation and how it effectively used as a communication tool in different areas of life. Music is widely used on different areas such as in politics, education, and religion and to different people as well. In politics, music is effectively used as a communication tool to convince people to support a candidate. In education, music is used as a subject or simply as entertainment. In religion, music is used to communicating with the Lord and for praising. For mothers, music is used as a language for their babies and for young adults; music is the very heart and soul of their being. Indeed, music is widely use as an effective tool of communication. Truly, many of us is affected by music because  we as individual elate our self to it. Through music we get inspirations as well as learning that provide us the ability to discover our self and to also release whatever feeling we have inside. Music is indeed emotional because musician relates it to their own self. People as well relate it to themselves that it why we can say that music is an effective communication tool. â€Å"Music has been defined so much that it is really not clear anymore what it is or what can be called music (Kosk).†   Nonetheless, music has provided us different types for different people and culture. We hear music and feel it and there is an invisible line that connects us to music and keeps our spirit alive every time we hear our favorite music.   The ever changing of music from time to time makes it more exciting for music lovers to utilize their own self and relinquish such melody that comes form their heart and soul. While music is important, communication as well is very important. The two link together because music is communication and communication is music as well. We may view it differently but the question on how music is an effective communication tool because it is emotional is simply because it conveys messages and influences people in one way or another. Certainly, music entertains us and provides us the same aspirations in life. We as individual relate our self to music because we are also as emotional as the music. It is clearly present in our society today of how effective communication is as a tool. All over the world, music is also considered as a language of heart and soul to people. Through its effect and influence it makes, music is a language that effectively communicates to different people and culture. It is a tool that expresses one’s thought and dreams, a communication tool that provides harmony and rhythm and effectively relates its very meaning to people who listens to it. Definitely, music is part of our daily lives and as important as communication, both provides us the ability to be inspired and developed as an individual through its meaning and intention. Music is effective as a communication tool because it is simply emotional on its own and more so it is a line that speaks for its true sense and that communicates to every human being. Works Cited Stewart, Cameron. â€Å"Music Theory For Effective Communication.† StatsSheet.Com Reliable Stats, Tools, and Articles. 26 November 2007 https://domainnamesales.com/domain/statssheet.com?landerid=www58adb5e6e0f311.99263171 â€Å"Music Therapy.† Answers.com. 26 November 2007 http://www.answers.com/ Jenkins, Orville Boyd. â€Å"Music as a Language Learning Medium.† 9 June 2001. Orville Jenkins Home. 26 November 2007 http://orvillejenkins.com/techniques/musictech.html â€Å"Using music as a therapy tool to motivate troubled adolescents.† Medscape Today. 26 November 2007 http://www.medscape.com/ Kosk, Kairi. â€Å"Some issues of non-human animal communication. Is there a difference between How to cite Music is not just a sound, Essay examples

Interactive Game Playing and Network Quality

Question: Discuss about the Interactive Game Playing and Network Quality. Answer: Introduction All the games are said to be interactive which include input from user in any way or the other. As interactive resembles something, which involves much engaging of the participants so, interactive games are those in which the user interacts with the game and the game provides feedback to the user (Chung Klappert, 2014). The feedback is the result of whatever the user has done or said. These games can be related to both knowledge and entertainment. There are several features supported by these games such as live chat, instant messaging, product or service sales support and many other things, which help the user to get in contact with the game. There is proper interaction between the user and the game in such type of games. These games require proper network quality for the games to be more effective (Cai, Leung Hu, 2014). The effects of interactive games The article focuses on A cloudlet-assisted multiplayer cloud gaming system. In this article, it is explained that the continuous analysis and monitoring of the behavior of the user who is engaged in the game under the circumstances which are ecologically valid can provide valuable data and information about the user and the users activities can be read efficiently and analyzed well. The fact has been highlighted that interactive games are helpful to analyze the behavior of any human being who is in full concentrated interaction with the game. In this paper, cloud server based approach has been studied and the parameters, which affect the quality of user experience has been studied through CMG approach. A prototype has been created for real time measurement of the factors. The correlation of video frames has been discussed in the paper is in partial fulfillment with the topic of the article. The paper chosen highlights that the interactive mediated activity of human is the activity, which is analyzed when the person is in proper interaction with the virtual world, which is possible only if the person is in full concentration with the virtual device. The traces of interaction performed in the paper illustrates the activities of the user with the environment in which he/she in interacting. The perspectives of many people have been taken into consideration while performing the study. The findings in the report don not explain much about the intended topic as much points must have been highlighted on why do people play mobile social games. The mentioned paper intends to explain the details of A survey on interactive games over mobile networks. It has been described that the mobile revolution has brought facility to enjoy an individuals favorite game at anytime and anywhere. It has been said that mobile games have become popular because they are wireless and thus have increased the ease. The main components have been surveyed, which ensures a playful experience for the users. Infrastructure less and infrastructure based networks have been discussed in the chapter. The concluded explanation by the author has a context with the intended approach of the topic as the findings focus on the aspects of mobile communication. The paper intends to focus on the quality of service of cloud gaming systems. The findings prove that OnLive services are better as they provide adaptable frame rate, better graphic quality, and shorter server processing delays and consumes less network bandwidth. A suite for measurement techniques for user perceives quality of service of proprietary and closed cloud gaming systems under diverse network conditions has been discussed. The finding of the paper are in a contrast of the provide topic as the topic intends on providing g the detail about the cloud services. In the mentioned paper, the result if two user-studies has been presented which measure the objective and subjective effects of latency on a cloud-based game. Out of the studies chosen, one study uses the commercial OnLive game and the other academic cloud gaming system anywhere. Results prove that the quality of user experience decreases with the increase in latency. The results drawn in the paper match with the intended topic of the paper as effect of latency has been discussed in the paper. The mentioned article tends to evaluate the quality of goal-directed arm movements cerebral palsy (CP) following four weeks of home-based training with motion interactive video games. As a result, the movement precision of children improved. Their centre of pressure paths decreased, the variability in maximal shoulder angles also increased when reaching for virtual objects. The conclusion drawn in the paper is relevant with the topic of the paper. This article is about the use of modern crow sourced live streaming system. Here, twitch is taken as a representative and the inside architecture is outlined by using both the crawled data and captures traffic of local broadcasters/viewers. The data accessed was examined for two months and the patterns have been revealed through determining both events and broadcasters sources. The paper concludes that twitch TV has become 4th largest traffic generator in U.S internet traffic. The conclusion drawn in the paper does matches with the intended topic of the article. The mentioned article focuses on the infrastructure if mobile gaming with the used cloud service. The paper highlights that latency is the main issue that rises in gaming. A prototype has been designed which enables the user to switch between mobile phone and others such as a public display. The key points of system design has been explained with the way of their implementation. The paper does not focus much in the way that the topic suggests. The mentioned article is intended to focus on Clouds+ games: A multifaceted approach. The paper concludes that computer game landscapes have changed. The paper focuses on people playing games on multiple computing devices with heterogeneous form factors capability, and connectivity. This paper concludes that enhancing the gaming experiences, asks the designers to focus on the cloud experience. It has been highlighted that current cloud platforms are not optimized for highly interactive games. In the mentioned paper, a detailed study on the network turbellience of the prominent commercial and client game system OnLive has been developed. The experiments have been designed properly, which allows an individual to compare the networks. The traditional research procedures on the topic have been compared with the new developed methods. The finding shows that OnLive traffic has decreased turbulence, which is similar to the high definition live video with huge frequent packets and increased bitrates. The paper concludes that testing of additional games cam possibly expand the selection of genres chosen. The findings of the paper are not able to explain the details of the intended topic to the extent. Conclusion Hence, from the above discussion, it can be concluded that, the continuous analysis and monitoring of the behavior of the user who is engaged in the game under the circumstances which are ecologically valid can provide valuable data and information about the user and the users activities can be read efficiently and analyzed well. The interactive mediated activity of human is the activity which, is analyzed when the person is in proper interaction with the virtual world which is possible only if the person is in full concentration with the virtual device. the process of learning is not a stimulus-response phenomenon but instead, it is the phenomenon which requires regulating oneself and building the conceptual structures by the means of self reflection and abstraction. In the constructive theory, the learner is responsible to participate actively in the learning activity. The interactive games provide a primary source for the simple elements of learning and the raw data for learning p rocesses. Network quality is treated as critical with the interactive online games which are in real-time. Even though the user gets the best internet service, but the eservice provider is not able to give efficient Quality of Service (QOS). Online interactive games have become very popular in todays era and the reason behind this is that the games do not require proper and much efficient QOS. References Cai, W., Leung, V. C., Hu, L. (2014). A cloudlet-assisted multiplayer cloud gaming system.Mobile Networks and Applications,19(2), 144-152. Chen, K. T., Chang, Y. C., Hsu, H. J., Chen, D. Y., Huang, C. Y., Hsu, C. H. (2014). On the quality of service of cloud gaming systems.IEEE Transactions on Multimedia,16(2), 480-495. Available at https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/6670099/ Chung, D. D., Klappert, W. R. (2014).the impact of gaming.U.S. Patent No. 8,657,680. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Claypool, M., Finkel, D. (2014, December). The effects of latency on player performance in cloud-based games. InNetwork and Systems Support for Games (NetGames), 2014 13th Annual Workshop on(pp. 1-6). IEEE. Available at https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/7148144/ Claypool, M., Finkel, D., Grant, A., Solano, M. (2014). On the performance of OnLive thin client games.Multimedia systems,20(5), 471-484. Gerla, M., Maggiorini, D., Palazzi, C. E., Bujari, A. (2013). A survey on interactive games over mobile networks.Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing,13(3), 212-229. Available at https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/wcm.2197/full Kmrinen, T., Siekkinen, M., Xiao, Y., Yl-Jski, A. (2014, December). Towards pervasive and mobile gaming with distributed cloud infrastructure. InProceedings of the 13th Annual Workshop on Network and Systems Support for Games(p. 16). IEEE Press. Lee, K., Chu, D., Cuervo, E., Kopf, J., Degtyarev, Y., Grizan, S., ... Flinn, J. (2015, May). Outatime: Using speculation to enable low-latency continuous interaction for mobile cloud gaming. InProceedings of the 13th Annual International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications, and Services(pp. 151-165). ACM. Mishra, D., El Zarki, M., Erbad, A., Hsu, C. H., Venkatasubramanian, N. (2014). Clouds+ games: A multifaceted approach.IEEE Internet Computing,18(3), 20-27. Sandlund, M., Domellf, E., Grip, H., Rnnqvist, L., Hger, C. K. (2014). Training of goal directed arm movements with motion interactive video games in children with cerebral palsya kinematic evaluation.Developmental neurorehabilitation,17(5), 318-326. Available at https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3109/17518423.2013.776124 Wei, P. S., Lu, H. P. (2014). Why do people play mobile social games? An examination of network externalities and of uses and gratifications.Internet Research,24(3), 313-331. Available at https://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1108/IntR-04-2013-0082 Zhang, C., Liu, J. (2015, March). On crowdsourced interactive live streaming: a twitch. tv-based measurement study. InProceedings of the 25th ACM Workshop on Network and Operating Systems Support for Digital Audio and Video(pp. 55-60). ACM.

Liberalism is a governance ideology. In contrast, Essays - Politics

Liberalism is a governance ideology. In contrast, Foucault presents neoliberalism as an approach that was followed in a series of market and government decisions, rather than as an ideology. These ideas, of liberalism and neoliberalism, were both explored in Michel Foucault ' s manuscript The Birth of Biopolitics (Foucault 1978-1979), in the eighteenth century English context for the former, and the twentieth century American context for the latter. For the purposes of this paper, the liberalism of eighteenth century England will be referred to as classical liberalism ' , and the neoliberalism of twentieth century United States will be referred to simply as neoliberalism ' . In a nuanced way, Foucault shows that one need not subscribe to the ideals of classical liberalism in order to follow a neoliberalist approach, and vice-versa. That is, while they may often result in similar decisions being taken, there is no inherent commonality between classical liberalism and neoliberalism; they are distinct and do not depend on each other. By examining what Foucault believed classical liberalism to be, what neoliberalism was, and by drawing the distinctions between the two, it will be demonstrated that the two labels do indeed refer to distinct approaches to governance. Classical Liberalism On the whole, classical liberalism is thought to be an ideology of how one ought to govern. It concerns itself with questioning whether government is governing too much, or too little, with a preference for a less intrusive government leading to a tendency to challenge more on the " too much " side. Indeed, classical liberalism is an exploration of the space devoid of an overbearing government, but practical insofar that it acknowledges the need for some governmental restriction. People must be free, but to discover a state in which freedom is an achievable goal for all, the actions of some must be restricted to a certain degree in the interest of the freedom of the many. There is, in the classical liberal state, a constant negotiation between freedom as a function of minimalist government intervention in the affairs of its citizens, and between a perception of danger that requires government to restrict every individual ' s freedom to the minimal extent required to ensure the greatest possible freedom for the greatest possible number of individuals. The function of government is thus to ensure and to limit freedom. That is, laws must be viewed in the context of enabling and limiting freedom. Further, the law ' s purpose is to give its citizens rights, or to give them or the state utility. A law that is freedom enabling usually is a law that bestows or protects people ' s rights, whereas a law that brings the citizen or the state utility is usually freedom limiting. The law ' s role can be seen as a trade-off between security and freedom. For example, an individual may desire to publish a b ook, and the right to do so is codified into freedom-giving law. In contrast, the state and the majority of people both have a vested interest in not having a book supporting the Holocaust in circulation because of the civil unrest and consequent loss of security it might bring, and thus the state restricts the rights of its citizens to publish such content in a freedom-limiting law that gives the utility of safety to the state. Similarly, one individual may desire to make use of another individual ' s creativity by copying a song; in order to enhance utility for both the state and the creator of the work of music and to encourage the production of creative works, the state may limit the use that an individual may make of the creator ' s work. Classical liberalism holds the dogma of Adam Smith to be true. Left to its own devices, the market will establish a natural price that will reflect the balance of supply and demand and will be optimal for society. As described b y Foucault, the invisible hand will guide the market, and in its glory, will allow for Europe as a whole to prosper: " this idea of progress, of a European progress, is a fundamental theme in liberalism " (ibid, at 54). This is a

Abolishing Death Penalty essays

Abolishing Death Penalty essays The death penalty in the United States should never be abolished. Each year there are about 250 people added to death row and, roughly, only 35 executed. The amount of terminations needs to increase dramatically. Many civilizations practiced barbaric punishments that place the prisoner in excruciating pain. However, capital punishment has become more humane by leaps and bounds in these past years and has been abrogated by several countries, though it has caused crime to rise in most cases. Regardless of anti-death advocates, I am firmly against its abating for a plethora of reasons. Nationwide, prisons cost an exorbitant amount of money to maintain and operate. Supplement that cost with new arrivals, medical costs, and repeat offenders. Youre looking at an estimated 1.5 billion dollars annually. The majority of these funds are withdrawn through taxes from everyday middle-class citizens like you and I. Only a miniscule fraction of these inmates are executed yearly. Due to the aforementioned fact, more prisons are being built around the country to accommodate the constant influx of convicts. Long and short term studies have proven that the vast majority of these criminals are released to only repeat their offense, soon after, and be returned to the facility that they just exited. A large percentage of prisoners cannot cope with the outside world after their release due to their incarceration period. On many occasions this has caused them to become extremely violent and, often times, commit a crime worse than the one they were imprisoned for. In every walk of life, in every part of the world, in every culture and civilization crimes against humanity are detested and combated in one way or another. Though, what most everyday people are unaware of is how luxurious our nations prison facilities are. If the steel bars, identical uniforms, and tranquilizer guns were taken away, they could be mistaken for ...

The benefits and negatives of hiring temporary workers Essay

The benefits and negatives of hiring temporary workers - Essay Example In this study, several items will be considered while analyzing the cost effectiveness of temporary workers. First, an overall analysis of the benefits as well as the drawbacks of temporary workers will be presented in comparison to the hiring of full-time employees. The presentation of this analysis will demonstrate that hiring temporary workers is, in fact, more beneficial for companies when trying to cut costs. Temporary workers allow for companies to adapt to fluctuating markets, and give them some control in an economy that has not provided much earning incentive. In order to resolve this and to adapt to changing times, temporary workers can be hired and maintained by companies for as long as needed. Skilled contingent workers are included in this study. While skilled contingent workers are often paid more than other temporary workers, and often more than full time workers as well, their use still allows the company to save money. This is because they are usually brought on for short term projects, and then released when the projects are completed. The large salaries or hourly wages earned by skilled contingent workers thus will end, and the company can return to normal expenditure. There would therefore be no need to bring on another full-time employee to handle certain skilled situations that are needed for specific periods of time only, and this has helped to keep costs down for many companies. This study examined three companies throughout a one year, four quarter period. Costs were analyzed and determined as the companies transitioned into using more and more contingent workers. The results of this study demonstrate that companies achieved cost-cutting results that increased every quarter for each company that participated in the study. Therefore, this study helps to prove that temporary workers, whether skilled or not, can be used to help cut the costs of company finances. Results Who are the Temporary Workers Just as employer demand for temporary workers increases during times of uncertainty, many workers seek temporary employment due to transitory or uncertain circumstances. Such workers might include teachers and students out of school for the summer or other vacation periods, or persons entering or leaving the labor force gradually. Women and young persons are more likely than others to experience these transitory conditions. Therefore, it should not be surprising that there was a disproportionately high concentration of both groups employed by temporary help supply agencies in May 1985. Almost two-thirds of the industry's work force were women, in contrast to their 2 of 5 proportion of all wage and salary jobs. This difference clearly reflects the benefits offered to many women by the temporary help supply service industry, particularly the combination of flexible work schedules and the opportunity to acquire needed experience and job market exposure. In addition, the industry has a large number of administrative support jobs, and a disproportionate number of women are traditionally employed in such clerical positions.Women with family responsibilities are particularly attracted to temporary employment because it provides the flexible work schedules that allow them to reconcile work outside the home with family commitments. Women who reenter the labor force after a long absence may prefer temporary jobs until they are able to find suitable permanent employment. Employment through a temporary help supply agency enables them to test the market by sampling a range of work environments until they find the right employment situation. At the same time, temporary employment allows these workers to acquire needed skills and experience while building confidence and increasing their

Financial Managment Course Project Topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Financial Managment Course Project Topic - Essay Example In normative way company can explain what should do for maintain accounts and finance in an accurate way and in positive way company can explain that what they are doing at present for maintain financial records. These theories help to make economic decision in the business. Financial theories provide a set of principles and focus on certain relationships which explain observed practices and these theories are also able to highlight the unobserved practices also. These theories also help to focus on an important factor and that is the procedure which a company is applying to utilize its financial resources (Kimmel, Weygandt and Kieso, 2010). If all the financial resources are not utilized properly or these resources are not utilized for the purpose of business then the business owner can get information by applying proper financial theories. Financial statements are main parts in any company to maintain the financial and accounting records. These statements are prepared by using rele vant financial theories. Above mentioned reasons are the motivational factors for doing such practices in every organization (Banerjee,

Analysis of of Quercetin in Camellia Sinensis Extracts

Analysis of of Quercetin in Camellia Sinensis Extracts ABSTRACT A precise and feasible reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method for the novel analysis of of Quercetin in aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Camellia sinensis extracts with internal standard has been developed. The analysis was carried out on a Phenomenax-C18 column (250 Ãâ€" 4.6mm, 5ÃŽ ¼m). reversed-phase column, using a mixture of acetonitrile and 0.1% orthophosphoric acid in water at 60:40 ratio as the mobile phase; Propyl paraben was used as the internal standard. The linearity range of the Quercetin was found to be in 1-25  µg/ml and the retention times were found to be 3.3 and 5.6 min for Quercetin and Propyl paraben respectively. The accuracy was good and recovery values for Quercetin ranged from 100 to 102% respectively. The proposed novel method is precise and feasible for the determination of Quercetin with internal standard in a short analytical runtime. The method seems to be suitable for routine analysis in quality control laboratories an d research institutes. Keywords: Quercetin, HPLC, Propyl paraben, Validation. Introduction Quercetin (Fig. 1) chemically 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3,5,7-trihydroxy-4H-chromen-4-one is a plant pigment (flavonoid) found in many plants and foods, such as red wine, onions, green tea, apples, berries,  Ginkgo biloba. It is used for treating conditions of the  heart  and  blood  vessels including â€Å"hardening of the  arteries† (atherosclerosis),  high cholesterol,  heart disease, and circulation problems (1-3). It is also used to treat inflammation,  asthma,  gout,  viral infections,  chronic fatigue  syndrome (CFS), preventing  cancer, and for treating chronic infections of the  prostate (4-7). Quercetin is also used to increase endurance and improve athletic performance. Tooth decay is most common infectious oral disease that afflicts 95% of the human beings. The flavonoids Quercetin found in green tea can stop the formation of dental plaques and tooth decay. Fig.1 : Chemical structure of Quercetin Some analytical methods were developed for analysis of quercetin by spectrophotometric (8-10), HPLC (11-13), HPTLC (14-16), electrochemical detection (17). In spite of its wide economical importance, a rapid and efficient method forits identification and quantification is necessary. To the best of our knowledge, there is no published method for the determination of quercetin in Camellia sinensis extracts with propyl paraben as internal standard. The aim of the present study was to develop a rapid, economical, precise and accurate reversed-phase HPLC method for quantifying quercetin in aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Camellia sinensis. Materials and Methods Acetonitrile (HPLC grade, MERCK), Water (HPLC grade, Thomas Baker) and orthophosphoric acid (HPLC grade), Quercetin and Propyl paraben are procured from local analytical laboratories. Instrumentation and chromatographic conditions HPLC is a chromatographic technique used to separate a mixture of compounds in analytical chemistry and biochemistry with the purpose of identifying, quantifying purifying the individual components of the mixture. The system consisted of UFLC-Shimadzu make LC-20AD with PDA detector. The data acquisitionwas performed by LC solutions software. The chromatographic separation was achieved on Phenomenax-C18 column (250 Ãâ€" 4.6mm, 5ÃŽ ¼m) column. The elution was isocratic with mobile phase of 0.1% orthophosphoric acid in water and acetonitrile (60:40, v/v). The flow rate was 1.0 mL/ min and yielded a backpressure of about 57 bar. The column temperature was maintained at 40 °C, the detection was monitored at a wavelength of 262 nm and injection volume was 10  µL. UFLC is suitable for separation of Quercetin with propyl paraben as internal standard. The chromatographic conditions are shown in Table 1. Table 1: The chromatographic conditions of the developed method Plant material (Camellia sinensis) Dried leaves of Camellia sinensis i.e Green tea are collected from Doddabetta Tea Factory, Ooty, Tamilnadu and identified by Dr. K. Mruthunjaya, Asst. Professor, Department of Pharmacognosy, JSSCP, Mysore. The procured leaves were used for the preparation of alcoholic and aqueous extract. Extraction Methodology: Alcoholic Extract of Camellia sinensis Alcoholic extract was prepared by hot reflux extraction method on a water bath temperature maintained at 78 °C for 2 hours. The dried coarsely powdered leaves of Camellia sinensis (550g) were extracted in 3 batches (150g each). The obtained extract was filtered and solvent was distilled out up to required concentration and combined extract was spray dried to get alcoholic extract of Camellia sinensis and stored in a dessicator. Aqueous Extract of Camellia sinensis Aqueous extract was prepared by hot reflux extraction method on a water bath temperature maintained at 80 °C for 2 hours. The dried coarsely powdered leaves of Camellia sinensis (550g) were extracted in 3 batches (150g each). The obtained extract was filtered and solvent was distilled out up to required concentration and combined extract was spray dried to get aqueous extract of Camellia sinensis and stored in a dessicator. Drying of Extract: Prepared extracts were dried using Spray dryer. Parameters maintained for Spray drying are Inlet temperature maintained at 70-80 °C, Outlet temperature maintained at 50-60 °C, aspiration rate 1200 rpm per min, feed pump 2ml per min respectively. PREPARATION OF SOLUTIONS Preparation of mobile phase The content of the mobile phase was prepared from Acetonitrile, filtered and degassed mixture of and water and orthophosphoric acid in the ratio of 60:40 v/v. Preparation of standard solutions About 10 mg of pure standards of Quercetin and Propyl paraben were accurately weighed and dissolved separately in two 10 mL standard flask and dissolved in methanol to get standard stock solutions of concentration of 1 mg/mL (1000  µg/mL). From the prepared stock solution an intermediate stock solution was prepared which contains 100  µg/mL of Quercetin. From this intermediate stock solution serial dilutions were made to obtain final concentrations of the solutions in the range of 1, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25  µg/mL of Quercetin. Propyl paraben solution was made to a concentration of 25 µg/mL and used as an internal standard throughout the methodology. Preparation of Camellia sinensis extracts sample solutions 100 mg of extract sample was weighed and transferred in to 10ml volumetric flask and dissolved in a mixture of 5ml of 6M HCl and 5ml of mobile phase and sonicated for 15min. The obtained solution was filtered through a 0.45  µ pore size filter into a HPLC vial and loaded to the instrument. Method development and optimization The chromatographic conditions were optimized by changing the mobile phase compositions; buffer used in the mobile phase column stationaryphase and organic solvent. Finally a mixture of 0.1% orthophosphoric acid in water, acetonitrile and C18 column were used. A typical chromatogram obtained by using the aforementioned mobile phase and column are shown in fig. 2 of blank chromatogram and standard drug quercetin chromatogram is illustrated in Fig. 3. Method validation When a method has been optimized it must be validatedbefore put into practical use. By following the ICH guidelinesfor analytical method validation e Q2 (R1), the system suitability Test was performed and the validation characteristics elinearity, accuracy, precision, specificity, limits of detectionand quantitation were addressed. Preparation of calibration curve Aliquots of quercetin (containing 10- 250  µg/ml) were pipetted into series of 10ml volumetric flask from 100 µg/ml of stock solution followed by addition of propyl paraben containing 250 µg/ml and made up to 10ml with HPLC grade methanol to obtain the final concentrations of 1, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25  µg/ml of quercetin and 25 µg/ml of propyl paraben solutions were prepared. The responses were measured at 262 nm. The calibration curve was established by plotting the peak areas of Quercetin versus their concentrations. Assay Procedure The column was equilibrated for at least 30 min, with the mobile phase flowing through the system with a flow rate of 1ml/min. Detector was set at a wavelength of 262 nm. Two sets of the sample solutions were prepared containing aqueous and ethanolic extracts with mobile phase mixture. The retention time of Quercetin and Propyl paraben in bulk drug in two replicate samples were found to be 3.3 and 5.6 mins. The peak area of the Quercetin in sample was obtained and the regression equation of the drug concentration over the peak areas was calculated. The RP-HPLC method was used to estimate the amount of Quercetin in aqueous, ethanolic extracts of Camellia sinensis. The typical chromatograms of alcoholic and aqueous extracts are shown in fig. 4 and 5 respectively. It is found that alcoholic and aqueous extract contains 7.35  µg and 4.31  µg per 100 grams of the extract respectively. System suitability The system suitability test ensures the validity of the analyticalprocedure as well as confirms the resolution betweendifferent peaks of interest. A data from six injections ofstandard solutions were utilized for calculating system suitability parameters like %RSD (0.19), tailing factor (1.2), theoretical plates (10728) and resolution (7.8). Linearity and range To assess the linearity, calibration plots of quercetin in each dilution were constructed in the concentration range 1-25 µg/mL the correlation coefficients of quercetin was 0.9998 respectively. Accuracy and precision The accuracy and precision of the developed method was evaluated and results are expressed as percent recoveries 99.3 -101.7%. The precision study of intra-day and interday relative standard deviation was less than 2%, stating that method is more precise. Specificity The specificity test demonstrated that the used excipients did not interfere with the peak of the main compound. The results showed that the developed method was selective for determination Of Quercetin in Camellia sinensis extracts. Sensitivity The limit of detection and limit of quantitation decide aboutthe sensitivity of the method. Tests for the procedure wereperformed on samples containing very low concentrations of analytes based on the visual evaluation method. In thismethod, LOD (signal to noise ratio of 3:1) is determined by theanalysis of samples with known concentration of analyte and by establishing the minimum level at which the analyte can be reliably detected. Accordingly, the LOQ (signal to noise ratioof 10:1) is determined by the analysis of samples with known concentration of analytes and by establishing the minimumlevel at which the analyte can be quantified with acceptableaccuracy and precision (RSD RESULT AND DISCUSSION We developed and validated a simple and efficient reversed phase HPLC method for analysis of Quercetin in Camellia sinensis extracts. Method conditions were optimized by changing the mobile phase compositions; buffer used in the mobile phase, stationary phase and organic solvent. Finally a mixture of 0.1% orthophosphoric acid in water and acetonitrile and C18 column were used. In this study UFLC instrumentation with PDA detection, which is readily available in most analytical and pharmaceutical laboratories, was used. The analytical method was validated as per current International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. In addition, in the present study,an internal standard was used to provide higher accuracy and precision of several substances tested, propyl paraben was chosen as the most appropriate internal standard. This substance is stable and does not interfere with the excipients present in of samples and composition of the diluent.Indeed, in the developed method, Propyl paraben was adequately separated from Quercetin. Moreover, its elution time was shorter, which resulted in a short run time of less than 10 min. In the accuracy of the method, recovery is in the range of 98.3-101.7% and standard deviation was less than 2% proves that method is more accurate and precise. The LOD and LOQ values of quercetin are 0.03  µg/ml and 0.05  µg/ml respectively. The described HPLC method was successfully applied for the determination of Quercetin in Camellia sinensis plant extracts. Fig. 2: Blank chromatogram of the method Fig. 3: Chromatogram of Quercetin (25  µg/ml) and Propyl paraben (Internal Standard) Table 2: Recovery studies of the method Table 3: Intraday and Inter day study precision of the method Fig. 4: Assay of Quercetin in Camellia sinensis Alcoholic Extract Fig. 5: Assay of Quercetin in Camellia sinensis Aqueous Extract Table 5: Assay of quercetin in alcoholic and aqueous extract Conclusion The proposed method is simple, accurate, precise, specific andlinear over the analysis ranges and was able to simultaneous determination of quercetin with internal standard in a short analytical run time. Hence the method can easily and conveniently applied for routine analysis in qualitycontrol laboratories and research institutes. Acknowledgements Authors extend their thanks to the JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS University, Mysore for providing the facilities to carry out the research work.

How do Wilfred Owen and John McCrae differ in their attitude to war? :: English Literature

How do Wilfred Owen and John McCrae differ in their attitude to war? Study 'Dulce et Decorum Est' and 'In Flanders Field' These two poems are the most famous and best written poems of World War 1. Wilfred Owen wrote ‘Dulce et Decorum Est’ in 1915 and John Mc Crae wrote ‘In Flanders Field’ which was 1st published in 1919, four days before Mc Crae died. These two World War poets have distinctively different views on war. But, there are also some similarities between them for example the poems were both 1st hand accounts and that the poets had 1st hand experience of the war. Another similarity is that the poets died from the effects of the war. These two poets have different attitudes towards the war in general as Owen originated from the 1st wave of World War 1 poets. These types of poets strongly opposed the war; they saw the war as bloody and non-patriotic. On the other hand, John Mc Crae was in the 2nd wave of poets. He viewed war to be beautiful and not so much to be patriotic, but to be known to have died whilst fighting for ones country. To start analyzing these poems, I will look at the basic points. In Owens, we can clearly see that the poem is divided into 3 stanzas. The tone of the stanzas is different and they all deal with different ideas related to World War 1. Stanza one deals with the tiredness and fatigue of the soldiers and also the utter exhaustion of them. Uses of verbs such as trudge, limped and adjectives like knock-kneed, bent double show us the extreme conditions that they had to fight in and the effects. Again, the verb ‘cursed’ to describe there movements shows how physically enfeebled they are and that the only way that they can move is by cursing. The statement ‘men marched asleep’ shows again their exhaustion as they were totally tired and seemed to march whilst sleeping. The phrase ‘blood-shod’, which is assonance, shows the hardship that the soldiers are suffering in. Words like, lame, blind, drunk and deaf show that the senses of the soldiers are stopped up and that they can no longer walk, smell, see and hear (hoots). From the sad tone of stanza 1, we are introduced into stanza 2 which is a frenzied opening in other words in complete contrast to the previous stanza. The first words ‘Gas! Gas!’ show violent movement. The words fumbling and clumsy show the difficulty the soldiers were in trying to get their masks on. Owen goes onto describe very effectively How do Wilfred Owen and John McCrae differ in their attitude to war? :: English Literature How do Wilfred Owen and John McCrae differ in their attitude to war? Study 'Dulce et Decorum Est' and 'In Flanders Field' These two poems are the most famous and best written poems of World War 1. Wilfred Owen wrote ‘Dulce et Decorum Est’ in 1915 and John Mc Crae wrote ‘In Flanders Field’ which was 1st published in 1919, four days before Mc Crae died. These two World War poets have distinctively different views on war. But, there are also some similarities between them for example the poems were both 1st hand accounts and that the poets had 1st hand experience of the war. Another similarity is that the poets died from the effects of the war. These two poets have different attitudes towards the war in general as Owen originated from the 1st wave of World War 1 poets. These types of poets strongly opposed the war; they saw the war as bloody and non-patriotic. On the other hand, John Mc Crae was in the 2nd wave of poets. He viewed war to be beautiful and not so much to be patriotic, but to be known to have died whilst fighting for ones country. To start analyzing these poems, I will look at the basic points. In Owens, we can clearly see that the poem is divided into 3 stanzas. The tone of the stanzas is different and they all deal with different ideas related to World War 1. Stanza one deals with the tiredness and fatigue of the soldiers and also the utter exhaustion of them. Uses of verbs such as trudge, limped and adjectives like knock-kneed, bent double show us the extreme conditions that they had to fight in and the effects. Again, the verb ‘cursed’ to describe there movements shows how physically enfeebled they are and that the only way that they can move is by cursing. The statement ‘men marched asleep’ shows again their exhaustion as they were totally tired and seemed to march whilst sleeping. The phrase ‘blood-shod’, which is assonance, shows the hardship that the soldiers are suffering in. Words like, lame, blind, drunk and deaf show that the senses of the soldiers are stopped up and that they can no longer walk, smell, see and hear (hoots). From the sad tone of stanza 1, we are introduced into stanza 2 which is a frenzied opening in other words in complete contrast to the previous stanza. The first words ‘Gas! Gas!’ show violent movement. The words fumbling and clumsy show the difficulty the soldiers were in trying to get their masks on. Owen goes onto describe very effectively

The Han Dynasty and the Roman Empire

The Han dynasty stressed effectiveness in their tools, as well as using technology to prevent natural disasters and thrive in their society. The Romans, however, marveled at their civilization’s innovations, but rejected idolizing those who worked with tools and crafts. The control of water was significant in both the Han dynasty and the Roman Empire (Docs 1 and 8). Han officials believed water conservation officers and hydraulic engineers should work together to prevent flooding (Doc 1). The writer requested the formation of water conservation officers in each district, and inspections of waterways, walls, etc.Along with necessary repairs (Doc 1). Document 1 is a letter from a Han government official concerning flood prevention. Considering the status of the writer of document 1 and the fact that the letter is instructional, it seems reasonable to assume he knows what he’s talking about. The Romans also used water engineering, aqueducts, to supply the cities with water (Doc 8). Frontinus boasted about the abundance of water for â€Å"public and private uses (Doc 8). † As a water commissioner, the writer of document 8 only talks about the positives of the water system, possibly to make himself look respectable in the eyes of his superiors.An additional document from a common citizen of Rome describing how aqueducts positively affect their life would support Frontinus, who only provides an official government point of view. Both the Roman and the Han officials wanted to use technology to control water for the benefit of the citizens, but for the Han dynasty, it was more necessary to thrive. Huan Tan, an upper-class Han philosopher, speaks of Fuxi, the wise emperor and inventor of the pestle and mortar (Doc 3). After Fuxi’s invention, there was an improvement in technology with the creation of water power (Doc 3).The attitude toward technology in this document is as technology as a â€Å"gift† from enlightened emperors. Huan Tan , because a philosopher, would praise technology from the emperor as Confucian philosophy views the emperor as a kind father-figure. Huan Tan may have written this document praising the emperor as a way of flattering the current government in hopes of achieving a higher official position. Like Fuxi, Tu Shih, governor of Nanyang, was also a wise and enlightened leader (Doc 4).Tu Shih developed a water-powered blowing-engine that was a labor-saving device, to facilitate cast-iron agricultural implements. â€Å"Tu Shih loved the common people and wished to save their labor† (Doc 4). Technology in this document is also seen as a â€Å"gift† from enlightened leadership. The writer of this document could have been trying to please the emperor in order to reach a higher position in office. Both of these documents show that the Han dynasty saw technology as a way to improve in their society and for the goodness of their people.Cicero, an upper-class Roman political leader desc ribes those who work with their hands as vulgar or common, believing that gentlemen do not work with their hands (Doc 5). Cicero speaks of hired-workers and craftsmen as having unfit occupations (Doc 5). Technology is perceived as necessary in this document, but not fit for enlightened minds. Cicero cannot accurately judge technology’s impact because he is a member of the elite and does not work with technology. According to Seneca, an upper-class Roman philosopher, technology takes being smart, but not enlightenment (Doc 7).Seneca does not believe in the importance of individual technological creations and believes there is a difference between those who work with their hands and those who work with their minds (Doc 7). Both documents show negative Roman attitudes and are degrading towards technology. Huan Guan, a Han government official, suggests that good government should correct the situation of sub-standard tools (Doc 2). Rather than him being negative towards technolog y, he is being negative towards the government’s role. He believes that technology is vital to peasant production and is the government’s responsibility to support it (Doc 2).Plutarch, a Roman high official describes Roman leader, Gauis Gracchus’ improved road building in a glorifying report (Doc 6). Technology according to this document has a practical side, but also one of aesthetics (Doc 6). As a high-ranking official, Plutarch praises another political leader possibly yearning to obtain a promotion. Both documents show technology as necessary, but the Han dynasty shows a need for technology and the Roman empire makes improvements that are not necessarily vital to their society.Additional documents by women would have been helpful in exploring whether there are similarities or differences in Han and Roman attitudes according to gender. Also, documents by workers or the lower class would have given different perspectives toward attitudes and views on technolog y, instead of high officials who do not personally work with technology. The Han dynasty, because of natural disasters and the good of their civilization, were pushed to improve on technology while the Roman empire admired their great, unneeded innovations.

Challenges Of China Telecom Entering Pakistan Business Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2590 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Marketing Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? China Telecom Company is the worlds major telecom operator. Having a customer base of more than 300 million customers, its network routes 710 million text messages every day and handles 250 million calls every hour. China Telecom is conceivably the solitary cellular network that provides uninterrupted, consistent coverage through tunnels, on highways, inside sky scrapper elevators as well on top of Mount Everest. One of the unique features of China Telecom servicing excellence is to modify its products, services and tariffs to suit the individual needs of its vast subscriber based. Analysis about Origin Country This is the about a Pest analysis of China, drawn on conventional internet sources such as, the CIA World Fact book, Wikipedia and Nation master. China is the most populated country in the world, with 1.34 billion populations. It has the third largest GDP, with $4.84 trillion, after Japan and the U.S. Like India, the currency and conditions make it useful to look at some data using Purchasing Power Parity, which bumps up Chinas GDP to $7.8 trillion, which would move about it ahead of Japan. Record run of growth and opportunity that began in 1978 and for the past 25 years it has averaged 10% growth per year. The trace stops this year, sadly. It really is a pityChinas growth has completed more to reduce world poverty than any other program, aid initiative. Chinas money being poured into the domestic economy to kept it from going sour, accelerating infrastructure advance. It will help. It is improbable to be enough. Exports have fallen by over a quarter in the last three months. Unemployment is being raised quickly, and China may end up paying poorly skilled workers to dig holes and then fill up them. Last year, there was about 87,000 incidents, which in other countries would have been called demonstrations, protests or riots. China is barely keeping the lid on internal disorder, much of it caused by local and regional government corruption, turning people out of their houses or off the farms devoid of compensation. China is either first or second to emit CO2, and the overall air pollution in Chinas urban canters is horribly bad. About 16 of the 20 most densely polluted cities in the world are Chinese. ÂÂ  Their water isnt even better. There are positives as China has 86% literacy, they lead the world in internet users, they are 4th in the world in copyright applications for residents and 2nd for non-residents also have 4 of the top 100 universities in the world (and 8 of the top 500). (Thomas, 2009) Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Challenges Of China Telecom Entering Pakistan Business Essay" essay for you Create order Analysis about Host Country Currently Pakistan is being ruled by civil government but history shows about more administrative rule in the past. Uncertain govt. headship has become convention. Strong influence of govt. bodies and parties has become custom. Under developing country is more likely to be great chance and main economy is based on agriculture. Telecom industry is booming for about last two years. Stable macroeconomic environment is based on prudent fiscal management. Weak fiscal balance has been the main source of macroeconomic difficulties. A new feature of the privatization program has been the offering of shares to the common public throughout the stock market, which was Main dominant religion, is Islam. Also encouraging foreign investment as it is a good source of employment. Educational level has been improved due to private emerging sectors. Well received. (Yes Pakistan, 2009) Electricity is the major concern in terms of demand and supply inside the country but govt. however to some ext ent overcome this problem. Banking sector has been improvised in modern technological advancements. Communication has also been improved. Pakistan Telecom got privatized in past years also become more flexible in term of competition. Mode of Entry China Telecom has been first overseas subsidiary, in Pakistan the company has the license to offer and control voice, data and all value added services in the whole country. Pakistan is a key region that is likely to offer growth opportunities as well the possibility to make a distinction in the lives of growing customers that is challenging and understands and appreciates better service and quality standards. Other hand, it has also been noted, in the situation of China, that nearby prospect can act to support MNCs to apply Western management techniques. Thus, Cooke, in a case study of a foreign-owned toy manufacture, found that, for local managers, the discourse of modernity carries much punitive power in China these days, an d those who do not speak or act of adopting Western management practices are deemed backward and outdated (Cooke, 2004, p.44). In prospective to the condition of the In Pakistans market it has been quite prominent fact that the competitors of Pakistans telecom company who have been dominant in the market are also Multi Nationals and are following the modern practices as been done in western. The reason for the failure of this Pakistani telecom company is lack of innovation and improvisation accordingly. Therefore it is not in the situation to keep same strategy going, as well opening for new gate for another Multi National Company like China Telecom company to enter the competition. Decision Making for Acquisition and Analysing the Industry Competition While investigating the competition in the market for the Pakistans Telecom Industry majority of market has been occupied by the MNCs and Local Companys which are surviving are really few and even not fully dominant. (Baba r, 2010) Whereas if we look over the acquisition and Greenfield. The China Telecom company has the strong background in Telecom industry and working along with its several subsidiaries in USA, Italy and other parts of countries. Structure of the company is also centralized. Therefore acquisition is the only way to take over the company. By looking at the surroundings like e.g. there are more Telecom companies like Airtel, Tata, Hutch and orange already dominating the Indian as well as Asian market. Therefore Pakistan is key region to plan for establishing its trademark as one of the finest telecom company in the region. Pakistani officials anticipate that every of new market competitors will spend to a certain extent on the order of US$8-billion on plant, property and equipment over the next five years. One company showing by Business Week will spend US$200-million on a blend of fixed-wireless network and it expects to easily attract 2-million subscribers, mostly on the str ength of pent-up order. With all the new competition, 7-million subscribers (fixed and mobile) have been supplementary since mid-year last year alone. Over the next year-and-a-half, according to Government sources cited by Business Week, that number will double. (Asia Pacific, 2005) Standardization Vs Adaptation As been acquired from the analysis of the host country, there comes factors which clearly illustrate that Telecom sector is the sector which has been groomed from past two years and there is a lot of scope for more companies to grow into this Telecom market in Pakistan. Also if we keep the Pakistans Telecom Company into consideration there is no reason for Chinese Telecom Company to adapt the domestic Hr as well as work practices for the company, because the Pakistans Telecom Company was already been facing constant failures in terms of competitive market. Before deciding standardization or adaptation lets have the general idea of standardization is actually develop ing standardized work practices, policies and products marketed worldwide with a uniform marketing mix which is essence of the mass marketing where as adaptation is to go for differentiation of policies and different market requirements. Mixing the standardization and customization which simply giving an idea to think global and act local which most MNCs do. (Samar, 2009) Therefore suitable for the company to standardize but with customize of local culture in the way minimizing cost and values to create closeness among the local users in the country. Neither worry about this approach as mostly MNCs are following the same approach and have been successful. But that should not only be the reason to do so, only the major reason that is needed to be considered is that China Telecom will have hinders if they wont globalise into the Asian market. Management Orientation Basically there are four major management orientations such as i.Ethnocentric: Home country is the superior h aving control over all subsidiaries leading to standardization approach with centralized management. ii.Polycentric: Treat each country differently as, is unique from other leading towards adaptable approach and localized management. iii.Regiocentric: Management goal is to develop regional approach; the firm regulate its practices throughout the region, but not across them. iv.Geocentric: Go for one general strategy throughout the world market while maintaining the flexibility to adapt strategy to the local market where necessary. (Samar, 2009) Looking above the strategy so far adopted by the China Telecom Company their management orientation style is Polycentric, where they have adaptable approach. (Samar Philip, 2009) Suggested model for the manipulate on HRM in multinational showing that first MNCs mostly are importers either reflect the main ones utilised in their country of origin or accord with what is regarded as international best practice, with this pract ice being commonly connected with the central tenets of Anglo-Saxon human resource management and a claimed junction of approach between MNCs internationally (Sparrow and Hiltrop, 1994). Transfer of HR Practices Areas which needed the foremost attention in the terms of HR practices are Recruitment and selection Performance Management Reward Management Training and development Consultation and Communication These are the major areas of concern from Hr prospective that should be analysed from parent and Host Company for transferring the best hr practices. HR Practices of Parent Company Host Company: Recruitment and selection: E-recruitment and online job applications are in practice and selection techniques include assessment centres, telephonic interviews, structured interviews. Where as host company is more inclined towards the traditional methods or recruitment and selection such as print ads and one on one interview. Performance Management: Performance based salary incentives and recognitions are done. Training is a part of performance management in terms to train employee to achieve the maximum performance that help company to achieve its aims and objectives. Host Company follows the experience and qualification promotion system. And salary increment is depending upon seniority level. Reward Management: Intrinsic and Extrinsic rewards both are part of company strategy. Most reward system they follow is appraisals, report, performance benefits, annual bonus, flexible leaves and shift timings etc. System followed by Host Company is flexible shifts; annual inc rement based on seniority level and paid leaves etc. Training and Development: Practices adopted from best practices in HR to benefit the maximum output from the employees with proper guidance and training also leading them to meet the aims and objectives of the company and MNCs spent enough budget to do that as similar the case with China Telecom Company. However this host company believe in training the staff but only for higher management that is the reason why there is a gap created and transparency breaches as well. (Allan, 2010) Consultation and communication: Parent company believe on consultation and communication as they are keep to work in high involvement culture which is explaining the decisions to their staff as well as involve them in decision making as suggestion, open forums and meetings. While Host Company was having quite centralized culture in terms of decision making, however Parent company apparently follows the same structure but that decision is al ways influenced upon the involvement of opinions and suggestions they include into. Proposal While looking taking in account the Hr practices Parent company should just not impose what they think are right but needed to do proper survey what practices are best working in environment of Pakistan. Following could be the suitable suggestions for the Parent Company to take into consideration. Devaluate hr department wise, rather than to centralized it so it will serve the need of each department accordingly. Internal promotions and proper job analysis should be taken into deliberation which will build trust based relationship for an employee and growth factor. Performance related pay should be suitable with subsidiary wide bonus scheme based upon competency profiles. Training and development is always encouraged but also overseas training should be eminent for management to transform host according to the international standards. Two way communication should be done in e.g. meetings, open forums, brain storming sessions, blogs and emails as Telecom company has a n edge of Technology therefore to use it in cost effective way will be beneficial. Subsidiary characteristics and host country effects The Host Company in Pakistan was low in technological and knowledge; therefore use of expatriates will be quite helpful to cope up with the weaknesses. This includes the proper training and development of the employees. Must take legal, political and social factors into consideration before taking any decision for the company for example plan strategically when govt. Condition is uncertain as past history Pakistan has faced such issues because any sanctions or policies directly or indirectly approved by the current govt Will be simply overruled by any new govt. Budget controlling should be done by Parent company in terms to have a full control on fiscal matters of the subsidiary, however it could be extend as in initial process more investment is required. Geographically Pakistan is also quite suitable in the Asian market as it shares the border with India which is the one to the emerging developing economy. China itself therefore easy access towards the subsidiary and in neighbour there is a middle-east country as well. Conclusion It has been concluded that Transfer of HR practices in underdeveloped countries are quite significant from the competitive advantage as well as aiming towards the domestic and international markets. However the from cultural prospective Parent company should take national culture into its consideration. Also it is quite notable that MNCs adaptation approach has been quite successful in such markets as they embed their business strategies according to the local market needs while keeping in mind for globalizing also. Another thing which has been viewed is that such companies are like and welcome door for MNCs for acquisition to competitive market where other MNCs are already dominating the market however it is not that easy for the Brownfield Company to penetrate so quickly. Therefor e what finally we can conclude is that international business environment should be taken into consideration with respect to its entry, orientation, approach and factors of both countries as well as company. Recommendations By analysing the factors following are the suitable recommendations. Parent company should align the national culture of the host country with their corporate culture in the subsidiary to build trust based relationship, as Pakistan is highly trust based relationship country. Hr practices should ensure the transparency of planning and development to the local needs. Decisions should be forecasted keeping in mind political, social and legal factors for the company. Involvement of locals in decision making should encourage. Control the subsidiary fiscal policies and have control but also keep in consent the demand of local market. References Thomas, (2009) Pestle summary: China https://www.examiner.com/x-9111-SF-Environmental-Policy Exa miner~y2009m4d27-PESTLE-summary-China (Accessed: February 22, 2010). Yes Pakistan (2009) About Overview of Pakistan Economy. Available at: https://www.yespakistan.com/economy/overview-pak.asp (Accessed: 24 January 2010). Samar (2010) Week12: International HRM Transfer Of Practices International Business Environment [Online]. Available at: https://breo.beds.ac.uk (Accessed: January 19, 2010) Samar (2010) Week5: International Business Orientation International Business Environment [Online]. Available at: https://breo.beds.ac.uk (Accessed: January 18, 2010) Samar (2010) Week 11: Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibilities International Business Environment [Online]. Available at: https://breo.beds.ac.uk (Accessed: January 19, 2010) Alan Chapman (2010) People Development and Teamwork. 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