Analysis of of Quercetin in Camellia Sinensis Extracts

Analysis of of Quercetin in Camellia Sinensis Extracts ABSTRACT A precise and feasible reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method for the novel analysis of of Quercetin in aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Camellia sinensis extracts with internal standard has been developed. The analysis was carried out on a Phenomenax-C18 column (250 Ãâ€" 4.6mm, 5ÃŽ ¼m). reversed-phase column, using a mixture of acetonitrile and 0.1% orthophosphoric acid in water at 60:40 ratio as the mobile phase; Propyl paraben was used as the internal standard. The linearity range of the Quercetin was found to be in 1-25  µg/ml and the retention times were found to be 3.3 and 5.6 min for Quercetin and Propyl paraben respectively. The accuracy was good and recovery values for Quercetin ranged from 100 to 102% respectively. The proposed novel method is precise and feasible for the determination of Quercetin with internal standard in a short analytical runtime. The method seems to be suitable for routine analysis in quality control laboratories an d research institutes. Keywords: Quercetin, HPLC, Propyl paraben, Validation. Introduction Quercetin (Fig. 1) chemically 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3,5,7-trihydroxy-4H-chromen-4-one is a plant pigment (flavonoid) found in many plants and foods, such as red wine, onions, green tea, apples, berries,  Ginkgo biloba. It is used for treating conditions of the  heart  and  blood  vessels including â€Å"hardening of the  arteries† (atherosclerosis),  high cholesterol,  heart disease, and circulation problems (1-3). It is also used to treat inflammation,  asthma,  gout,  viral infections,  chronic fatigue  syndrome (CFS), preventing  cancer, and for treating chronic infections of the  prostate (4-7). Quercetin is also used to increase endurance and improve athletic performance. Tooth decay is most common infectious oral disease that afflicts 95% of the human beings. The flavonoids Quercetin found in green tea can stop the formation of dental plaques and tooth decay. Fig.1 : Chemical structure of Quercetin Some analytical methods were developed for analysis of quercetin by spectrophotometric (8-10), HPLC (11-13), HPTLC (14-16), electrochemical detection (17). In spite of its wide economical importance, a rapid and efficient method forits identification and quantification is necessary. To the best of our knowledge, there is no published method for the determination of quercetin in Camellia sinensis extracts with propyl paraben as internal standard. The aim of the present study was to develop a rapid, economical, precise and accurate reversed-phase HPLC method for quantifying quercetin in aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Camellia sinensis. Materials and Methods Acetonitrile (HPLC grade, MERCK), Water (HPLC grade, Thomas Baker) and orthophosphoric acid (HPLC grade), Quercetin and Propyl paraben are procured from local analytical laboratories. Instrumentation and chromatographic conditions HPLC is a chromatographic technique used to separate a mixture of compounds in analytical chemistry and biochemistry with the purpose of identifying, quantifying purifying the individual components of the mixture. The system consisted of UFLC-Shimadzu make LC-20AD with PDA detector. The data acquisitionwas performed by LC solutions software. The chromatographic separation was achieved on Phenomenax-C18 column (250 Ãâ€" 4.6mm, 5ÃŽ ¼m) column. The elution was isocratic with mobile phase of 0.1% orthophosphoric acid in water and acetonitrile (60:40, v/v). The flow rate was 1.0 mL/ min and yielded a backpressure of about 57 bar. The column temperature was maintained at 40 °C, the detection was monitored at a wavelength of 262 nm and injection volume was 10  µL. UFLC is suitable for separation of Quercetin with propyl paraben as internal standard. The chromatographic conditions are shown in Table 1. Table 1: The chromatographic conditions of the developed method Plant material (Camellia sinensis) Dried leaves of Camellia sinensis i.e Green tea are collected from Doddabetta Tea Factory, Ooty, Tamilnadu and identified by Dr. K. Mruthunjaya, Asst. Professor, Department of Pharmacognosy, JSSCP, Mysore. The procured leaves were used for the preparation of alcoholic and aqueous extract. Extraction Methodology: Alcoholic Extract of Camellia sinensis Alcoholic extract was prepared by hot reflux extraction method on a water bath temperature maintained at 78 °C for 2 hours. The dried coarsely powdered leaves of Camellia sinensis (550g) were extracted in 3 batches (150g each). The obtained extract was filtered and solvent was distilled out up to required concentration and combined extract was spray dried to get alcoholic extract of Camellia sinensis and stored in a dessicator. Aqueous Extract of Camellia sinensis Aqueous extract was prepared by hot reflux extraction method on a water bath temperature maintained at 80 °C for 2 hours. The dried coarsely powdered leaves of Camellia sinensis (550g) were extracted in 3 batches (150g each). The obtained extract was filtered and solvent was distilled out up to required concentration and combined extract was spray dried to get aqueous extract of Camellia sinensis and stored in a dessicator. Drying of Extract: Prepared extracts were dried using Spray dryer. Parameters maintained for Spray drying are Inlet temperature maintained at 70-80 °C, Outlet temperature maintained at 50-60 °C, aspiration rate 1200 rpm per min, feed pump 2ml per min respectively. PREPARATION OF SOLUTIONS Preparation of mobile phase The content of the mobile phase was prepared from Acetonitrile, filtered and degassed mixture of and water and orthophosphoric acid in the ratio of 60:40 v/v. Preparation of standard solutions About 10 mg of pure standards of Quercetin and Propyl paraben were accurately weighed and dissolved separately in two 10 mL standard flask and dissolved in methanol to get standard stock solutions of concentration of 1 mg/mL (1000  µg/mL). From the prepared stock solution an intermediate stock solution was prepared which contains 100  µg/mL of Quercetin. From this intermediate stock solution serial dilutions were made to obtain final concentrations of the solutions in the range of 1, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25  µg/mL of Quercetin. Propyl paraben solution was made to a concentration of 25 µg/mL and used as an internal standard throughout the methodology. Preparation of Camellia sinensis extracts sample solutions 100 mg of extract sample was weighed and transferred in to 10ml volumetric flask and dissolved in a mixture of 5ml of 6M HCl and 5ml of mobile phase and sonicated for 15min. The obtained solution was filtered through a 0.45  µ pore size filter into a HPLC vial and loaded to the instrument. Method development and optimization The chromatographic conditions were optimized by changing the mobile phase compositions; buffer used in the mobile phase column stationaryphase and organic solvent. Finally a mixture of 0.1% orthophosphoric acid in water, acetonitrile and C18 column were used. A typical chromatogram obtained by using the aforementioned mobile phase and column are shown in fig. 2 of blank chromatogram and standard drug quercetin chromatogram is illustrated in Fig. 3. Method validation When a method has been optimized it must be validatedbefore put into practical use. By following the ICH guidelinesfor analytical method validation e Q2 (R1), the system suitability Test was performed and the validation characteristics elinearity, accuracy, precision, specificity, limits of detectionand quantitation were addressed. Preparation of calibration curve Aliquots of quercetin (containing 10- 250  µg/ml) were pipetted into series of 10ml volumetric flask from 100 µg/ml of stock solution followed by addition of propyl paraben containing 250 µg/ml and made up to 10ml with HPLC grade methanol to obtain the final concentrations of 1, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25  µg/ml of quercetin and 25 µg/ml of propyl paraben solutions were prepared. The responses were measured at 262 nm. The calibration curve was established by plotting the peak areas of Quercetin versus their concentrations. Assay Procedure The column was equilibrated for at least 30 min, with the mobile phase flowing through the system with a flow rate of 1ml/min. Detector was set at a wavelength of 262 nm. Two sets of the sample solutions were prepared containing aqueous and ethanolic extracts with mobile phase mixture. The retention time of Quercetin and Propyl paraben in bulk drug in two replicate samples were found to be 3.3 and 5.6 mins. The peak area of the Quercetin in sample was obtained and the regression equation of the drug concentration over the peak areas was calculated. The RP-HPLC method was used to estimate the amount of Quercetin in aqueous, ethanolic extracts of Camellia sinensis. The typical chromatograms of alcoholic and aqueous extracts are shown in fig. 4 and 5 respectively. It is found that alcoholic and aqueous extract contains 7.35  µg and 4.31  µg per 100 grams of the extract respectively. System suitability The system suitability test ensures the validity of the analyticalprocedure as well as confirms the resolution betweendifferent peaks of interest. A data from six injections ofstandard solutions were utilized for calculating system suitability parameters like %RSD (0.19), tailing factor (1.2), theoretical plates (10728) and resolution (7.8). Linearity and range To assess the linearity, calibration plots of quercetin in each dilution were constructed in the concentration range 1-25 µg/mL the correlation coefficients of quercetin was 0.9998 respectively. Accuracy and precision The accuracy and precision of the developed method was evaluated and results are expressed as percent recoveries 99.3 -101.7%. The precision study of intra-day and interday relative standard deviation was less than 2%, stating that method is more precise. Specificity The specificity test demonstrated that the used excipients did not interfere with the peak of the main compound. The results showed that the developed method was selective for determination Of Quercetin in Camellia sinensis extracts. Sensitivity The limit of detection and limit of quantitation decide aboutthe sensitivity of the method. Tests for the procedure wereperformed on samples containing very low concentrations of analytes based on the visual evaluation method. In thismethod, LOD (signal to noise ratio of 3:1) is determined by theanalysis of samples with known concentration of analyte and by establishing the minimum level at which the analyte can be reliably detected. Accordingly, the LOQ (signal to noise ratioof 10:1) is determined by the analysis of samples with known concentration of analytes and by establishing the minimumlevel at which the analyte can be quantified with acceptableaccuracy and precision (RSD RESULT AND DISCUSSION We developed and validated a simple and efficient reversed phase HPLC method for analysis of Quercetin in Camellia sinensis extracts. Method conditions were optimized by changing the mobile phase compositions; buffer used in the mobile phase, stationary phase and organic solvent. Finally a mixture of 0.1% orthophosphoric acid in water and acetonitrile and C18 column were used. In this study UFLC instrumentation with PDA detection, which is readily available in most analytical and pharmaceutical laboratories, was used. The analytical method was validated as per current International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. In addition, in the present study,an internal standard was used to provide higher accuracy and precision of several substances tested, propyl paraben was chosen as the most appropriate internal standard. This substance is stable and does not interfere with the excipients present in of samples and composition of the diluent.Indeed, in the developed method, Propyl paraben was adequately separated from Quercetin. Moreover, its elution time was shorter, which resulted in a short run time of less than 10 min. In the accuracy of the method, recovery is in the range of 98.3-101.7% and standard deviation was less than 2% proves that method is more accurate and precise. The LOD and LOQ values of quercetin are 0.03  µg/ml and 0.05  µg/ml respectively. The described HPLC method was successfully applied for the determination of Quercetin in Camellia sinensis plant extracts. Fig. 2: Blank chromatogram of the method Fig. 3: Chromatogram of Quercetin (25  µg/ml) and Propyl paraben (Internal Standard) Table 2: Recovery studies of the method Table 3: Intraday and Inter day study precision of the method Fig. 4: Assay of Quercetin in Camellia sinensis Alcoholic Extract Fig. 5: Assay of Quercetin in Camellia sinensis Aqueous Extract Table 5: Assay of quercetin in alcoholic and aqueous extract Conclusion The proposed method is simple, accurate, precise, specific andlinear over the analysis ranges and was able to simultaneous determination of quercetin with internal standard in a short analytical run time. Hence the method can easily and conveniently applied for routine analysis in qualitycontrol laboratories and research institutes. Acknowledgements Authors extend their thanks to the JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS University, Mysore for providing the facilities to carry out the research work.

How do Wilfred Owen and John McCrae differ in their attitude to war? :: English Literature

How do Wilfred Owen and John McCrae differ in their attitude to war? Study 'Dulce et Decorum Est' and 'In Flanders Field' These two poems are the most famous and best written poems of World War 1. Wilfred Owen wrote ‘Dulce et Decorum Est’ in 1915 and John Mc Crae wrote ‘In Flanders Field’ which was 1st published in 1919, four days before Mc Crae died. These two World War poets have distinctively different views on war. But, there are also some similarities between them for example the poems were both 1st hand accounts and that the poets had 1st hand experience of the war. Another similarity is that the poets died from the effects of the war. These two poets have different attitudes towards the war in general as Owen originated from the 1st wave of World War 1 poets. These types of poets strongly opposed the war; they saw the war as bloody and non-patriotic. On the other hand, John Mc Crae was in the 2nd wave of poets. He viewed war to be beautiful and not so much to be patriotic, but to be known to have died whilst fighting for ones country. To start analyzing these poems, I will look at the basic points. In Owens, we can clearly see that the poem is divided into 3 stanzas. The tone of the stanzas is different and they all deal with different ideas related to World War 1. Stanza one deals with the tiredness and fatigue of the soldiers and also the utter exhaustion of them. Uses of verbs such as trudge, limped and adjectives like knock-kneed, bent double show us the extreme conditions that they had to fight in and the effects. Again, the verb ‘cursed’ to describe there movements shows how physically enfeebled they are and that the only way that they can move is by cursing. The statement ‘men marched asleep’ shows again their exhaustion as they were totally tired and seemed to march whilst sleeping. The phrase ‘blood-shod’, which is assonance, shows the hardship that the soldiers are suffering in. Words like, lame, blind, drunk and deaf show that the senses of the soldiers are stopped up and that they can no longer walk, smell, see and hear (hoots). From the sad tone of stanza 1, we are introduced into stanza 2 which is a frenzied opening in other words in complete contrast to the previous stanza. The first words ‘Gas! Gas!’ show violent movement. The words fumbling and clumsy show the difficulty the soldiers were in trying to get their masks on. Owen goes onto describe very effectively How do Wilfred Owen and John McCrae differ in their attitude to war? :: English Literature How do Wilfred Owen and John McCrae differ in their attitude to war? Study 'Dulce et Decorum Est' and 'In Flanders Field' These two poems are the most famous and best written poems of World War 1. Wilfred Owen wrote ‘Dulce et Decorum Est’ in 1915 and John Mc Crae wrote ‘In Flanders Field’ which was 1st published in 1919, four days before Mc Crae died. These two World War poets have distinctively different views on war. But, there are also some similarities between them for example the poems were both 1st hand accounts and that the poets had 1st hand experience of the war. Another similarity is that the poets died from the effects of the war. These two poets have different attitudes towards the war in general as Owen originated from the 1st wave of World War 1 poets. These types of poets strongly opposed the war; they saw the war as bloody and non-patriotic. On the other hand, John Mc Crae was in the 2nd wave of poets. He viewed war to be beautiful and not so much to be patriotic, but to be known to have died whilst fighting for ones country. To start analyzing these poems, I will look at the basic points. In Owens, we can clearly see that the poem is divided into 3 stanzas. The tone of the stanzas is different and they all deal with different ideas related to World War 1. Stanza one deals with the tiredness and fatigue of the soldiers and also the utter exhaustion of them. Uses of verbs such as trudge, limped and adjectives like knock-kneed, bent double show us the extreme conditions that they had to fight in and the effects. Again, the verb ‘cursed’ to describe there movements shows how physically enfeebled they are and that the only way that they can move is by cursing. The statement ‘men marched asleep’ shows again their exhaustion as they were totally tired and seemed to march whilst sleeping. The phrase ‘blood-shod’, which is assonance, shows the hardship that the soldiers are suffering in. Words like, lame, blind, drunk and deaf show that the senses of the soldiers are stopped up and that they can no longer walk, smell, see and hear (hoots). From the sad tone of stanza 1, we are introduced into stanza 2 which is a frenzied opening in other words in complete contrast to the previous stanza. The first words ‘Gas! Gas!’ show violent movement. The words fumbling and clumsy show the difficulty the soldiers were in trying to get their masks on. Owen goes onto describe very effectively

The Han Dynasty and the Roman Empire

The Han dynasty stressed effectiveness in their tools, as well as using technology to prevent natural disasters and thrive in their society. The Romans, however, marveled at their civilization’s innovations, but rejected idolizing those who worked with tools and crafts. The control of water was significant in both the Han dynasty and the Roman Empire (Docs 1 and 8). Han officials believed water conservation officers and hydraulic engineers should work together to prevent flooding (Doc 1). The writer requested the formation of water conservation officers in each district, and inspections of waterways, walls, etc.Along with necessary repairs (Doc 1). Document 1 is a letter from a Han government official concerning flood prevention. Considering the status of the writer of document 1 and the fact that the letter is instructional, it seems reasonable to assume he knows what he’s talking about. The Romans also used water engineering, aqueducts, to supply the cities with water (Doc 8). Frontinus boasted about the abundance of water for â€Å"public and private uses (Doc 8). † As a water commissioner, the writer of document 8 only talks about the positives of the water system, possibly to make himself look respectable in the eyes of his superiors.An additional document from a common citizen of Rome describing how aqueducts positively affect their life would support Frontinus, who only provides an official government point of view. Both the Roman and the Han officials wanted to use technology to control water for the benefit of the citizens, but for the Han dynasty, it was more necessary to thrive. Huan Tan, an upper-class Han philosopher, speaks of Fuxi, the wise emperor and inventor of the pestle and mortar (Doc 3). After Fuxi’s invention, there was an improvement in technology with the creation of water power (Doc 3).The attitude toward technology in this document is as technology as a â€Å"gift† from enlightened emperors. Huan Tan , because a philosopher, would praise technology from the emperor as Confucian philosophy views the emperor as a kind father-figure. Huan Tan may have written this document praising the emperor as a way of flattering the current government in hopes of achieving a higher official position. Like Fuxi, Tu Shih, governor of Nanyang, was also a wise and enlightened leader (Doc 4).Tu Shih developed a water-powered blowing-engine that was a labor-saving device, to facilitate cast-iron agricultural implements. â€Å"Tu Shih loved the common people and wished to save their labor† (Doc 4). Technology in this document is also seen as a â€Å"gift† from enlightened leadership. The writer of this document could have been trying to please the emperor in order to reach a higher position in office. Both of these documents show that the Han dynasty saw technology as a way to improve in their society and for the goodness of their people.Cicero, an upper-class Roman political leader desc ribes those who work with their hands as vulgar or common, believing that gentlemen do not work with their hands (Doc 5). Cicero speaks of hired-workers and craftsmen as having unfit occupations (Doc 5). Technology is perceived as necessary in this document, but not fit for enlightened minds. Cicero cannot accurately judge technology’s impact because he is a member of the elite and does not work with technology. According to Seneca, an upper-class Roman philosopher, technology takes being smart, but not enlightenment (Doc 7).Seneca does not believe in the importance of individual technological creations and believes there is a difference between those who work with their hands and those who work with their minds (Doc 7). Both documents show negative Roman attitudes and are degrading towards technology. Huan Guan, a Han government official, suggests that good government should correct the situation of sub-standard tools (Doc 2). Rather than him being negative towards technolog y, he is being negative towards the government’s role. He believes that technology is vital to peasant production and is the government’s responsibility to support it (Doc 2).Plutarch, a Roman high official describes Roman leader, Gauis Gracchus’ improved road building in a glorifying report (Doc 6). Technology according to this document has a practical side, but also one of aesthetics (Doc 6). As a high-ranking official, Plutarch praises another political leader possibly yearning to obtain a promotion. Both documents show technology as necessary, but the Han dynasty shows a need for technology and the Roman empire makes improvements that are not necessarily vital to their society.Additional documents by women would have been helpful in exploring whether there are similarities or differences in Han and Roman attitudes according to gender. Also, documents by workers or the lower class would have given different perspectives toward attitudes and views on technolog y, instead of high officials who do not personally work with technology. The Han dynasty, because of natural disasters and the good of their civilization, were pushed to improve on technology while the Roman empire admired their great, unneeded innovations.

Challenges Of China Telecom Entering Pakistan Business Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2590 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Marketing Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? China Telecom Company is the worlds major telecom operator. Having a customer base of more than 300 million customers, its network routes 710 million text messages every day and handles 250 million calls every hour. China Telecom is conceivably the solitary cellular network that provides uninterrupted, consistent coverage through tunnels, on highways, inside sky scrapper elevators as well on top of Mount Everest. One of the unique features of China Telecom servicing excellence is to modify its products, services and tariffs to suit the individual needs of its vast subscriber based. Analysis about Origin Country This is the about a Pest analysis of China, drawn on conventional internet sources such as, the CIA World Fact book, Wikipedia and Nation master. China is the most populated country in the world, with 1.34 billion populations. It has the third largest GDP, with $4.84 trillion, after Japan and the U.S. Like India, the currency and conditions make it useful to look at some data using Purchasing Power Parity, which bumps up Chinas GDP to $7.8 trillion, which would move about it ahead of Japan. Record run of growth and opportunity that began in 1978 and for the past 25 years it has averaged 10% growth per year. The trace stops this year, sadly. It really is a pityChinas growth has completed more to reduce world poverty than any other program, aid initiative. Chinas money being poured into the domestic economy to kept it from going sour, accelerating infrastructure advance. It will help. It is improbable to be enough. Exports have fallen by over a quarter in the last three months. Unemployment is being raised quickly, and China may end up paying poorly skilled workers to dig holes and then fill up them. Last year, there was about 87,000 incidents, which in other countries would have been called demonstrations, protests or riots. China is barely keeping the lid on internal disorder, much of it caused by local and regional government corruption, turning people out of their houses or off the farms devoid of compensation. China is either first or second to emit CO2, and the overall air pollution in Chinas urban canters is horribly bad. About 16 of the 20 most densely polluted cities in the world are Chinese. ÂÂ  Their water isnt even better. There are positives as China has 86% literacy, they lead the world in internet users, they are 4th in the world in copyright applications for residents and 2nd for non-residents also have 4 of the top 100 universities in the world (and 8 of the top 500). (Thomas, 2009) Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Challenges Of China Telecom Entering Pakistan Business Essay" essay for you Create order Analysis about Host Country Currently Pakistan is being ruled by civil government but history shows about more administrative rule in the past. Uncertain govt. headship has become convention. Strong influence of govt. bodies and parties has become custom. Under developing country is more likely to be great chance and main economy is based on agriculture. Telecom industry is booming for about last two years. Stable macroeconomic environment is based on prudent fiscal management. Weak fiscal balance has been the main source of macroeconomic difficulties. A new feature of the privatization program has been the offering of shares to the common public throughout the stock market, which was Main dominant religion, is Islam. Also encouraging foreign investment as it is a good source of employment. Educational level has been improved due to private emerging sectors. Well received. (Yes Pakistan, 2009) Electricity is the major concern in terms of demand and supply inside the country but govt. however to some ext ent overcome this problem. Banking sector has been improvised in modern technological advancements. Communication has also been improved. Pakistan Telecom got privatized in past years also become more flexible in term of competition. Mode of Entry China Telecom has been first overseas subsidiary, in Pakistan the company has the license to offer and control voice, data and all value added services in the whole country. Pakistan is a key region that is likely to offer growth opportunities as well the possibility to make a distinction in the lives of growing customers that is challenging and understands and appreciates better service and quality standards. Other hand, it has also been noted, in the situation of China, that nearby prospect can act to support MNCs to apply Western management techniques. Thus, Cooke, in a case study of a foreign-owned toy manufacture, found that, for local managers, the discourse of modernity carries much punitive power in China these days, an d those who do not speak or act of adopting Western management practices are deemed backward and outdated (Cooke, 2004, p.44). In prospective to the condition of the In Pakistans market it has been quite prominent fact that the competitors of Pakistans telecom company who have been dominant in the market are also Multi Nationals and are following the modern practices as been done in western. The reason for the failure of this Pakistani telecom company is lack of innovation and improvisation accordingly. Therefore it is not in the situation to keep same strategy going, as well opening for new gate for another Multi National Company like China Telecom company to enter the competition. Decision Making for Acquisition and Analysing the Industry Competition While investigating the competition in the market for the Pakistans Telecom Industry majority of market has been occupied by the MNCs and Local Companys which are surviving are really few and even not fully dominant. (Baba r, 2010) Whereas if we look over the acquisition and Greenfield. The China Telecom company has the strong background in Telecom industry and working along with its several subsidiaries in USA, Italy and other parts of countries. Structure of the company is also centralized. Therefore acquisition is the only way to take over the company. By looking at the surroundings like e.g. there are more Telecom companies like Airtel, Tata, Hutch and orange already dominating the Indian as well as Asian market. Therefore Pakistan is key region to plan for establishing its trademark as one of the finest telecom company in the region. Pakistani officials anticipate that every of new market competitors will spend to a certain extent on the order of US$8-billion on plant, property and equipment over the next five years. One company showing by Business Week will spend US$200-million on a blend of fixed-wireless network and it expects to easily attract 2-million subscribers, mostly on the str ength of pent-up order. With all the new competition, 7-million subscribers (fixed and mobile) have been supplementary since mid-year last year alone. Over the next year-and-a-half, according to Government sources cited by Business Week, that number will double. (Asia Pacific, 2005) Standardization Vs Adaptation As been acquired from the analysis of the host country, there comes factors which clearly illustrate that Telecom sector is the sector which has been groomed from past two years and there is a lot of scope for more companies to grow into this Telecom market in Pakistan. Also if we keep the Pakistans Telecom Company into consideration there is no reason for Chinese Telecom Company to adapt the domestic Hr as well as work practices for the company, because the Pakistans Telecom Company was already been facing constant failures in terms of competitive market. Before deciding standardization or adaptation lets have the general idea of standardization is actually develop ing standardized work practices, policies and products marketed worldwide with a uniform marketing mix which is essence of the mass marketing where as adaptation is to go for differentiation of policies and different market requirements. Mixing the standardization and customization which simply giving an idea to think global and act local which most MNCs do. (Samar, 2009) Therefore suitable for the company to standardize but with customize of local culture in the way minimizing cost and values to create closeness among the local users in the country. Neither worry about this approach as mostly MNCs are following the same approach and have been successful. But that should not only be the reason to do so, only the major reason that is needed to be considered is that China Telecom will have hinders if they wont globalise into the Asian market. Management Orientation Basically there are four major management orientations such as i.Ethnocentric: Home country is the superior h aving control over all subsidiaries leading to standardization approach with centralized management. ii.Polycentric: Treat each country differently as, is unique from other leading towards adaptable approach and localized management. iii.Regiocentric: Management goal is to develop regional approach; the firm regulate its practices throughout the region, but not across them. iv.Geocentric: Go for one general strategy throughout the world market while maintaining the flexibility to adapt strategy to the local market where necessary. (Samar, 2009) Looking above the strategy so far adopted by the China Telecom Company their management orientation style is Polycentric, where they have adaptable approach. (Samar Philip, 2009) Suggested model for the manipulate on HRM in multinational showing that first MNCs mostly are importers either reflect the main ones utilised in their country of origin or accord with what is regarded as international best practice, with this pract ice being commonly connected with the central tenets of Anglo-Saxon human resource management and a claimed junction of approach between MNCs internationally (Sparrow and Hiltrop, 1994). Transfer of HR Practices Areas which needed the foremost attention in the terms of HR practices are Recruitment and selection Performance Management Reward Management Training and development Consultation and Communication These are the major areas of concern from Hr prospective that should be analysed from parent and Host Company for transferring the best hr practices. HR Practices of Parent Company Host Company: Recruitment and selection: E-recruitment and online job applications are in practice and selection techniques include assessment centres, telephonic interviews, structured interviews. Where as host company is more inclined towards the traditional methods or recruitment and selection such as print ads and one on one interview. Performance Management: Performance based salary incentives and recognitions are done. Training is a part of performance management in terms to train employee to achieve the maximum performance that help company to achieve its aims and objectives. Host Company follows the experience and qualification promotion system. And salary increment is depending upon seniority level. Reward Management: Intrinsic and Extrinsic rewards both are part of company strategy. Most reward system they follow is appraisals, report, performance benefits, annual bonus, flexible leaves and shift timings etc. System followed by Host Company is flexible shifts; annual inc rement based on seniority level and paid leaves etc. Training and Development: Practices adopted from best practices in HR to benefit the maximum output from the employees with proper guidance and training also leading them to meet the aims and objectives of the company and MNCs spent enough budget to do that as similar the case with China Telecom Company. However this host company believe in training the staff but only for higher management that is the reason why there is a gap created and transparency breaches as well. (Allan, 2010) Consultation and communication: Parent company believe on consultation and communication as they are keep to work in high involvement culture which is explaining the decisions to their staff as well as involve them in decision making as suggestion, open forums and meetings. While Host Company was having quite centralized culture in terms of decision making, however Parent company apparently follows the same structure but that decision is al ways influenced upon the involvement of opinions and suggestions they include into. Proposal While looking taking in account the Hr practices Parent company should just not impose what they think are right but needed to do proper survey what practices are best working in environment of Pakistan. Following could be the suitable suggestions for the Parent Company to take into consideration. Devaluate hr department wise, rather than to centralized it so it will serve the need of each department accordingly. Internal promotions and proper job analysis should be taken into deliberation which will build trust based relationship for an employee and growth factor. Performance related pay should be suitable with subsidiary wide bonus scheme based upon competency profiles. Training and development is always encouraged but also overseas training should be eminent for management to transform host according to the international standards. Two way communication should be done in e.g. meetings, open forums, brain storming sessions, blogs and emails as Telecom company has a n edge of Technology therefore to use it in cost effective way will be beneficial. Subsidiary characteristics and host country effects The Host Company in Pakistan was low in technological and knowledge; therefore use of expatriates will be quite helpful to cope up with the weaknesses. This includes the proper training and development of the employees. Must take legal, political and social factors into consideration before taking any decision for the company for example plan strategically when govt. Condition is uncertain as past history Pakistan has faced such issues because any sanctions or policies directly or indirectly approved by the current govt Will be simply overruled by any new govt. Budget controlling should be done by Parent company in terms to have a full control on fiscal matters of the subsidiary, however it could be extend as in initial process more investment is required. Geographically Pakistan is also quite suitable in the Asian market as it shares the border with India which is the one to the emerging developing economy. China itself therefore easy access towards the subsidiary and in neighbour there is a middle-east country as well. Conclusion It has been concluded that Transfer of HR practices in underdeveloped countries are quite significant from the competitive advantage as well as aiming towards the domestic and international markets. However the from cultural prospective Parent company should take national culture into its consideration. Also it is quite notable that MNCs adaptation approach has been quite successful in such markets as they embed their business strategies according to the local market needs while keeping in mind for globalizing also. Another thing which has been viewed is that such companies are like and welcome door for MNCs for acquisition to competitive market where other MNCs are already dominating the market however it is not that easy for the Brownfield Company to penetrate so quickly. Therefor e what finally we can conclude is that international business environment should be taken into consideration with respect to its entry, orientation, approach and factors of both countries as well as company. Recommendations By analysing the factors following are the suitable recommendations. Parent company should align the national culture of the host country with their corporate culture in the subsidiary to build trust based relationship, as Pakistan is highly trust based relationship country. Hr practices should ensure the transparency of planning and development to the local needs. Decisions should be forecasted keeping in mind political, social and legal factors for the company. Involvement of locals in decision making should encourage. Control the subsidiary fiscal policies and have control but also keep in consent the demand of local market. References Thomas, (2009) Pestle summary: China https://www.examiner.com/x-9111-SF-Environmental-Policy Exa miner~y2009m4d27-PESTLE-summary-China (Accessed: February 22, 2010). Yes Pakistan (2009) About Overview of Pakistan Economy. Available at: https://www.yespakistan.com/economy/overview-pak.asp (Accessed: 24 January 2010). Samar (2010) Week12: International HRM Transfer Of Practices International Business Environment [Online]. Available at: https://breo.beds.ac.uk (Accessed: January 19, 2010) Samar (2010) Week5: International Business Orientation International Business Environment [Online]. Available at: https://breo.beds.ac.uk (Accessed: January 18, 2010) Samar (2010) Week 11: Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibilities International Business Environment [Online]. Available at: https://breo.beds.ac.uk (Accessed: January 19, 2010) Alan Chapman (2010) People Development and Teamwork. 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